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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Oocyte sperm has ?

A

23 chromosomes

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2
Q

Is the instructions on how to assemble a protein one amino acid at a time

A

Gene

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3
Q

DNA replication performed by an enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

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4
Q

Process of copying dna strands

A

DNA replication

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5
Q

DNA replication happens in the ?

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

Process of synthesizing a protein from amino acids

A

Protein synthesis

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7
Q

Is a coil wrapped around each other

A

Double helix

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8
Q

Process rewriting dna into mRNA

Occurs in the nucleus

Performed by the enzyme rna polymerase

A

Transcription

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9
Q

What are the steps in DNA replication?

A
  1. DNA polymerase binds to and uncoils and unzips the strands
  2. DNA polymerase begin adding complementary bases to form new strand of DNA
  3. After a triplet is completed, DNA polymerase will shift down and copy the next triplet
  4. This repeats on both strands until each strand is replicated forming 2 identical copies of the original strand
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10
Q

A series of 3 bases of mRNA that codes for 1 amino acid

A

Codon

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11
Q

Transfers amino acids to ribosome during translation

A

tRNA

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12
Q

3 bases of tRNA that match a codon

A

Anti codon

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13
Q

Codons are assembled by using a series of bases on our DNA strand, The strand that is being read is called

A

Template strand

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14
Q

Is the assembly of the protein one amino acid at a time that occurs at ribosome as the ribosome reads the mRNA

A

Translation

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15
Q

The molecule that rewrites dna into a mRNA is called

A

RNA polymerase

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16
Q

strand that is being read by the mRNA is called

A

Template strand

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17
Q

Is the process of building proteins using the instructions of a gene

A

Protein synthesis

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18
Q

Protein synthesis involves two steps

A

Transcription

Translation

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19
Q

Is the study of tissues, tissue structure, and tissue function

A

Histology

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20
Q

Covers and lines internal and external surfaces of the body

A

Epithelium

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21
Q

Provide shape and support, store nutrients, protection

A

Connective tissue

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22
Q

Contracts (shorten) to move things

A

Muscle tissue

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23
Q

Carries info within the body in the form of an electrical impulse

A

Neural tissue

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24
Q

Covers and lines surfaces of the body, and line internal passageways and chambers

Is avascular, it lacks blood vessels so must obtain nutrients from other tissues or exposed surfaces

A

Epithelium tissues

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25
Q

Epithelium is always attached to the next layer, usually ________, by a basement membrane

A

Lamina propia

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26
Q

List the four functions of Epithelial tissue

A

ISOLATES internal environment from external environment
PROTECTION against abrasions, harmful chemicals, pathogens, microbes, disease
PERMEABILITY
provides SENSATIONS
SECRETIONS saliva, sebum, ear wax, sweat

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27
Q

Are transmembrane proteins that bind to each other and interconnect the membranes of adjacent cells.

A

Cell adhesion molecules CAMs

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28
Q

Network of interconnected proteins that attach the epithelium to underlying connective tissue “Velcro”

A

Lamina densa

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29
Q

Network of interconnected proteins that prevents large molecules from entering and exiting the body “sealer”

A

Lamina lucida

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30
Q

Germinate means ?

A

Reproduce

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31
Q

This tissue Lines the alveolar sacs of the lungs

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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32
Q

What tissue is located in the Serous membrane that reduces friction and lines the chambers of the heart and walls of the vessels and Lines the alveolar sacs ?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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33
Q

Location: Surface (dermis) of the skin, lines mouth, rectum, vagina, urethra

Function: protection against harmful chemicals acids and bases, abrasions, pathogens/physical damages/ first line of defense

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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34
Q

Location: most glands, kidney tubules, lining glands thyroid

Function: secretion

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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35
Q

Location: lines most of the digestive tract

Function: absorption

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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36
Q

Location: nasal passageway, trachea, bronchi lines the upper respiratory tract

Function: secretion transport of mucus, protection
Secrete mucus from goblet cells

A

Psuedostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium

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37
Q

Secrete mucus

A

Goblet cells

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38
Q

The secretory portion of a gland is composed of epithelial tissue

A

Glandular epithelium

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39
Q

Glands that secrete onto external surfaces of the body

Reproductive secretions, saliva, sweat, sebum

A

Exocrine glands

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40
Q

Release secretions directly into the bloodstream or surrounding interstitial fluid

A

Endocrine glands

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41
Q

Is an unusual stratified epithelium because it’s cells can change between being squamous and cuboidal in shape

A

Transitional epithelium

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42
Q

Location: found in regions of the urinary system, such as the urinary bladder.

Function: can change between squamous and cuboidal

A

Transitional epithelium

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43
Q

Exocrine glands are made up of exocrine cells, which use one of the three different methods to secrete their products

A

Merocrine

Apocrine

Holocrine

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44
Q

The product is released from an exocrine cell by secretory vesicles through exocytosis

The most common method of exocrine secretion

A

Merocrine secretion

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45
Q

In the skin_______ produce the watery perspiration that helps cool you on a hot day

A

Merocrine

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46
Q

Involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product; pinches off its tip

A

Apocrine

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47
Q

Milk production in the mammary glands involves a combination of

A

Merocrine and apocrine secretion

48
Q

By contrast destroys the gland cell

A

Holocrine

49
Q

A superficial cell in a stratified glandular epithelium becomes packed with secretory vesicles and then bursts, releasing the secretion, but killing the cell

A

Holocrine secretion

50
Q

Sebaceous glands, associated with hair follicles, produce an oily hair coating by means of________?

A

Holocrine secretions

51
Q

Lines body cavities; serous membrane is sometimes referred to as ?

A

Mesothelium

52
Q

Lines heart and blood vessels; reduce friction

A

Endothelium

53
Q

Is everything within the tissue that is found outside of the cells

A

The matrix

54
Q

What makes one type of connective tissue different from another is the cell populations found in the tissue, and the arrangement or organization of the

A

Matrix

55
Q

Not yet making matrix in a tissue can become any type of cell in the human body by mitosis

A

Progenitor embryonic cell stem cell

56
Q

Immature cell, mitotic build matrix; build the tissue

A

Blast

57
Q

Mature cell usually non mitotic; maintain the matrix surround them; maintain the tissue

A

Cyte

58
Q

Destroyer cells, come from the immune system secrete acids and enzymes that digest tissue matrix

A

Clast

59
Q

Provide strength

A

Collagen fibers

60
Q

Provide flexibility

A

Elastic fibers

61
Q

Connect bone to bone

A

Ligament

62
Q

Connect muscle to bone

A

Tendon

63
Q

Matrix : syrupy (viscous) many fibers

Collagen and elastic

Cell populations : fibroblasts

A

Connective tissue proper

64
Q

Matrix : watery (fluid/liquidy)

Cell populations : red blood cells and white blood cells

A

Fluid connective tissue proper

65
Q

Matrix : gel like rubbery

Cell populations: chondro

A

Supportive connective tissues

66
Q

Matrix : solid

Cell populations: osteo

A

Bone CT

67
Q

Cell population: fibroblasts also called (mast cells)
Location : dermis of skin
Function: attachment of superficial and deep layers; epidermis to underlying tissues

A

Loose (Areolar) connective tissue

68
Q

Contains lots of loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibers

A

Loose connective tissue

69
Q

Cell population: adipocytes
Location : throughout body hypodermis, abdomen, thighs, breasts
Function: protection, padding, energy lipid storage, insulation, store nutrients

A

Adipose tissue

70
Q

Cell populations: fibroblasts reticular fibers

Location : some soft organs like the spleen and liver; stroma; lymph nodes

Function : support and shape

A

Reticular tissue

71
Q

Contains a lot of reticular fibers that provide the stroma or framework that gives support and shape to some of the soft organs like the liver and spleen

A

Reticular fibers

72
Q

Cell populations: fibroblasts
Location ligament: ligaments and tendons ;
Function: strong support and attachments; strength for stabilizing joints

A

Dense connective tissue

73
Q

Has a large number of collagen fibers that are highly organized into interwoven rows that make for very strong tissues

A

Dense connective tissue

74
Q

Fluid connective tissues have a very liquid or fluid type matrix. It includes the fluids _______?

A

Blood
Interstitial fluid
Lymph

75
Q

Blood is made up of a fluid called plasma in which three components are found

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

76
Q

RBC carry o2 from lungs to cells

Carry co2 from cells

A

Erythrocytes

77
Q

WBC fight infectious agents/ destroy or remove damage cells

A

Leukocytes

78
Q

Cell fragments and function in blood clotting

A

Platelets

79
Q

Is a clear fluid secreted by and found in lymphatic vessels and contains lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that secreted antibodies

A

Lymph

80
Q

Has a gel like semi solid matrix

A

Cartilage

81
Q

The cells found in cartilage are modified fibroblasts called

A

Chondrocytes

82
Q

The fibroblast differentiate into chondroblast that start secreting and building the gel like cartilaginous matrix. Once trapped in their matrix in spaces called a lacuna, the chondroblast are now called

A

Chondrocytes

83
Q

The entire matrix of cartilage is surrounded by a dense connective tissue membrane called

A

Perichondrium

84
Q

The most common cartilage found in the body (articluar cartilage;smooth)
Location: articular surfaces of the bone, sternum, and nose
Function: facilitate joint movement

A

Hyaline cartilage

85
Q

Rich in elastic fibers for flexibility
Location: pinna of the ear, epiglottis
Function: support; flexibility

A

Elastic cartilage

86
Q

Rich in collagen fibers for strength

Location: intervertebral disks, menisci, symphysis pubis

Function: support shock absorber

A

Fibrocartilage

87
Q

Has a solid matrix containing collagen fibers, other proteins, and calcium salt packed onto those fibers and proteins to make a very strong matrix.

A

Bone

88
Q

The population of cells found in bone include ____________

A

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

89
Q

Build the bony matrix

A

Osteoblasts

90
Q

Maintain the matrix

A

Osteocytes

91
Q

Dissolve the bony matrix and release the stored materials

A

Osteoclasts

92
Q

Bone is surrounded by a tough, fibrous membrane called the

A

Periosteum

93
Q

Lines the internal passageway that are open to the outside world, these include the mouth, respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.

A

Mucous membranes

94
Q

Line the sealed cavities inside the body, these are double membranes and include a visceral layer that lies against the surface of the organ and a parietal layer that defines the outer wall of the cavity

A

Serous membrane

95
Q

Membrane that surrounds the lungs

A

Pleura visceral

96
Q

Surrounds the heart

A

Pericardium

97
Q

Surrounds most of the organs of the abdomen

A

Peritoneum

98
Q

This is the skin which is the epidermis and the dermis

Covers the outside of your body

A

Cutaneous membrane

99
Q

Line moveable joints. They act to seal the joint to prevent debris from interfering with joint movement and causing friction. They also secrete synovial fluid that lubricates the joint to reduce friction

A

Synovial membranes

100
Q

Redness, swelling, increase temp in a tissue due to damage

A

Inflammation

101
Q

Redness swelling, increase temp due to pathogens

A

Infections

102
Q

Any disease causing organisms

A

Pathogen

103
Q

Healing regrowth or repair of damage tissue

A

Regeneration

104
Q

Dead or dying tissue

A

Necrosis

105
Q

Accumulation of dead or dying tissue in cells

A

Pus

106
Q

Enclosed pocket of pus

A

Abscess

107
Q

The removal of a sample of tissue for pathogenic analysis

A

Biopsy

108
Q

Abnormal appearance organization of a tissue that functions normally; usually does not disrupt tissue function

A

Dysplasia

109
Q

Abnormal appearance organization of a tissue that disrupt tissue function

A

Metaplasia

110
Q

Total loss of tissue organization or appearance function it is usually irreversible

A

Anaplasia

111
Q

Lines the mouth, the rectum, the vagina and urethra “moist”

A

Non keratinized

112
Q

Epidermis skin (outside)

A

Keratinized

113
Q

Considered a mix gland or dual gland

A

Pancreas

114
Q

3 major classifications of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper

Fluid connective proper

Supportive connective proper

115
Q

3 serous membranes are ?

A

Pleural membrane

Pericardial membrane

Peritoneal membrane

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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