Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Oocyte sperm has ?
A
23 chromosomes
2
Q
Is the instructions on how to assemble a protein one amino acid at a time
A
Gene
3
Q
DNA replication performed by an enzyme
A
DNA polymerase
4
Q
Process of copying dna strands
A
DNA replication
5
Q
DNA replication happens in the ?
A
Nucleus
6
Q
Process of synthesizing a protein from amino acids
A
Protein synthesis
7
Q
Is a coil wrapped around each other
A
Double helix
8
Q
Process rewriting dna into mRNA
Occurs in the nucleus
Performed by the enzyme rna polymerase
A
Transcription
9
Q
What are the steps in DNA replication?
A
- DNA polymerase binds to and uncoils and unzips the strands
- DNA polymerase begin adding complementary bases to form new strand of DNA
- After a triplet is completed, DNA polymerase will shift down and copy the next triplet
- This repeats on both strands until each strand is replicated forming 2 identical copies of the original strand
10
Q
A series of 3 bases of mRNA that codes for 1 amino acid
A
Codon
11
Q
Transfers amino acids to ribosome during translation
A
tRNA
12
Q
3 bases of tRNA that match a codon
A
Anti codon
13
Q
Codons are assembled by using a series of bases on our DNA strand, The strand that is being read is called
A
Template strand
14
Q
Is the assembly of the protein one amino acid at a time that occurs at ribosome as the ribosome reads the mRNA
A
Translation
15
Q
The molecule that rewrites dna into a mRNA is called
A
RNA polymerase
16
Q
strand that is being read by the mRNA is called
A
Template strand
17
Q
Is the process of building proteins using the instructions of a gene
A
Protein synthesis
18
Q
Protein synthesis involves two steps
A
Transcription
Translation
19
Q
Is the study of tissues, tissue structure, and tissue function
A
Histology
20
Q
Covers and lines internal and external surfaces of the body
A
Epithelium
21
Q
Provide shape and support, store nutrients, protection
A
Connective tissue
22
Q
Contracts (shorten) to move things
A
Muscle tissue
23
Q
Carries info within the body in the form of an electrical impulse
A
Neural tissue
24
Q
Covers and lines surfaces of the body, and line internal passageways and chambers
Is avascular, it lacks blood vessels so must obtain nutrients from other tissues or exposed surfaces
A
Epithelium tissues
25
Epithelium is always attached to the next layer, usually ________, by a basement membrane
Lamina propia
26
List the four functions of Epithelial tissue
ISOLATES internal environment from external environment
PROTECTION against abrasions, harmful chemicals, pathogens, microbes, disease
PERMEABILITY
provides SENSATIONS
SECRETIONS saliva, sebum, ear wax, sweat
27
Are transmembrane proteins that bind to each other and interconnect the membranes of adjacent cells.
Cell adhesion molecules CAMs
28
Network of interconnected proteins that attach the epithelium to underlying connective tissue “Velcro”
Lamina densa
29
Network of interconnected proteins that prevents large molecules from entering and exiting the body “sealer”
Lamina lucida
30
Germinate means ?
Reproduce
31
This tissue Lines the alveolar sacs of the lungs
Simple squamous epithelium
32
What tissue is located in the Serous membrane that reduces friction and lines the chambers of the heart and walls of the vessels and Lines the alveolar sacs ?
Simple squamous epithelium
33
Location: Surface (dermis) of the skin, lines mouth, rectum, vagina, urethra
Function: protection against harmful chemicals acids and bases, abrasions, pathogens/physical damages/ first line of defense
Stratified squamous epithelium
34
Location: most glands, kidney tubules, lining glands thyroid
Function: secretion
Simple cuboidal epithelium
35
Location: lines most of the digestive tract
Function: absorption
Simple columnar epithelium
36
Location: nasal passageway, trachea, bronchi lines the upper respiratory tract
Function: secretion transport of mucus, protection
Secrete mucus from goblet cells
Psuedostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium
37
Secrete mucus
Goblet cells
38
The secretory portion of a gland is composed of epithelial tissue
Glandular epithelium
39
Glands that secrete onto external surfaces of the body
Reproductive secretions, saliva, sweat, sebum
Exocrine glands
40
Release secretions directly into the bloodstream or surrounding interstitial fluid
Endocrine glands
41
Is an unusual stratified epithelium because it’s cells can change between being squamous and cuboidal in shape
Transitional epithelium
42
Location: found in regions of the urinary system, such as the urinary bladder.
Function: can change between squamous and cuboidal
Transitional epithelium
43
Exocrine glands are made up of exocrine cells, which use one of the three different methods to secrete their products
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
44
The product is released from an exocrine cell by secretory vesicles through exocytosis
The most common method of exocrine secretion
Merocrine secretion
45
In the skin_______ produce the watery perspiration that helps cool you on a hot day
Merocrine
46
Involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product; pinches off its tip
Apocrine
47
Milk production in the mammary glands involves a combination of
Merocrine and apocrine secretion
48
By contrast destroys the gland cell
Holocrine
49
A superficial cell in a stratified glandular epithelium becomes packed with secretory vesicles and then bursts, releasing the secretion, but killing the cell
Holocrine secretion
50
Sebaceous glands, associated with hair follicles, produce an oily hair coating by means of________?
Holocrine secretions
51
Lines body cavities; serous membrane is sometimes referred to as ?
Mesothelium
52
Lines heart and blood vessels; reduce friction
Endothelium
53
Is everything within the tissue that is found outside of the cells
The matrix
54
What makes one type of connective tissue different from another is the cell populations found in the tissue, and the arrangement or organization of the
Matrix
55
Not yet making matrix in a tissue can become any type of cell in the human body by mitosis
Progenitor embryonic cell stem cell
56
Immature cell, mitotic build matrix; build the tissue
Blast
57
Mature cell usually non mitotic; maintain the matrix surround them; maintain the tissue
Cyte
58
Destroyer cells, come from the immune system secrete acids and enzymes that digest tissue matrix
Clast
59
Provide strength
Collagen fibers
60
Provide flexibility
Elastic fibers
61
Connect bone to bone
Ligament
62
Connect muscle to bone
Tendon
63
Matrix : syrupy (viscous) many fibers
Collagen and elastic
Cell populations : fibroblasts
Connective tissue proper
64
Matrix : watery (fluid/liquidy)
Cell populations : red blood cells and white blood cells
Fluid connective tissue proper
65
Matrix : gel like rubbery
Cell populations: chondro
Supportive connective tissues
66
Matrix : solid
Cell populations: osteo
Bone CT
67
Cell population: fibroblasts also called (mast cells)
Location : dermis of skin
Function: attachment of superficial and deep layers; epidermis to underlying tissues
Loose (Areolar) connective tissue
68
Contains lots of loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibers
Loose connective tissue
69
Cell population: adipocytes
Location : throughout body hypodermis, abdomen, thighs, breasts
Function: protection, padding, energy lipid storage, insulation, store nutrients
Adipose tissue
70
Cell populations: fibroblasts reticular fibers
Location : some soft organs like the spleen and liver; stroma; lymph nodes
Function : support and shape
Reticular tissue
71
Contains a lot of reticular fibers that provide the stroma or framework that gives support and shape to some of the soft organs like the liver and spleen
Reticular fibers
72
Cell populations: fibroblasts
Location ligament: ligaments and tendons ;
Function: strong support and attachments; strength for stabilizing joints
Dense connective tissue
73
Has a large number of collagen fibers that are highly organized into interwoven rows that make for very strong tissues
Dense connective tissue
74
Fluid connective tissues have a very liquid or fluid type matrix. It includes the fluids _______?
Blood
Interstitial fluid
Lymph
75
Blood is made up of a fluid called plasma in which three components are found
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
76
RBC carry o2 from lungs to cells
Carry co2 from cells
Erythrocytes
77
WBC fight infectious agents/ destroy or remove damage cells
Leukocytes
78
Cell fragments and function in blood clotting
Platelets
79
Is a clear fluid secreted by and found in lymphatic vessels and contains lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that secreted antibodies
Lymph
80
Has a gel like semi solid matrix
Cartilage
81
The cells found in cartilage are modified fibroblasts called
Chondrocytes
82
The fibroblast differentiate into chondroblast that start secreting and building the gel like cartilaginous matrix. Once trapped in their matrix in spaces called a lacuna, the chondroblast are now called
Chondrocytes
83
The entire matrix of cartilage is surrounded by a dense connective tissue membrane called
Perichondrium
84
The most common cartilage found in the body (articluar cartilage;smooth)
Location: articular surfaces of the bone, sternum, and nose
Function: facilitate joint movement
Hyaline cartilage
85
Rich in elastic fibers for flexibility
Location: pinna of the ear, epiglottis
Function: support; flexibility
Elastic cartilage
86
Rich in collagen fibers for strength
Location: intervertebral disks, menisci, symphysis pubis
Function: support shock absorber
Fibrocartilage
87
Has a solid matrix containing collagen fibers, other proteins, and calcium salt packed onto those fibers and proteins to make a very strong matrix.
Bone
88
The population of cells found in bone include ____________
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
89
Build the bony matrix
Osteoblasts
90
Maintain the matrix
Osteocytes
91
Dissolve the bony matrix and release the stored materials
Osteoclasts
92
Bone is surrounded by a tough, fibrous membrane called the
Periosteum
93
Lines the internal passageway that are open to the outside world, these include the mouth, respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.
Mucous membranes
94
Line the sealed cavities inside the body, these are double membranes and include a visceral layer that lies against the surface of the organ and a parietal layer that defines the outer wall of the cavity
Serous membrane
95
Membrane that surrounds the lungs
Pleura visceral
96
Surrounds the heart
Pericardium
97
Surrounds most of the organs of the abdomen
Peritoneum
98
This is the skin which is the epidermis and the dermis
Covers the outside of your body
Cutaneous membrane
99
Line moveable joints. They act to seal the joint to prevent debris from interfering with joint movement and causing friction. They also secrete synovial fluid that lubricates the joint to reduce friction
Synovial membranes
100
Redness, swelling, increase temp in a tissue due to damage
Inflammation
101
Redness swelling, increase temp due to pathogens
Infections
102
Any disease causing organisms
Pathogen
103
Healing regrowth or repair of damage tissue
Regeneration
104
Dead or dying tissue
Necrosis
105
Accumulation of dead or dying tissue in cells
Pus
106
Enclosed pocket of pus
Abscess
107
The removal of a sample of tissue for pathogenic analysis
Biopsy
108
Abnormal appearance organization of a tissue that functions normally; usually does not disrupt tissue function
Dysplasia
109
Abnormal appearance organization of a tissue that disrupt tissue function
Metaplasia
110
Total loss of tissue organization or appearance function it is usually irreversible
Anaplasia
111
Lines the mouth, the rectum, the vagina and urethra “moist”
Non keratinized
112
Epidermis skin (outside)
Keratinized
113
Considered a mix gland or dual gland
Pancreas
114
3 major classifications of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Fluid connective proper
Supportive connective proper
115
3 serous membranes are ?
Pleural membrane
Pericardial membrane
Peritoneal membrane
