Chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the major function of all muscle tissues ?
A
Is designed to contract and shorten in length to move things
2
Q
List the three types of muscle tissue found in the body
A
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
3
Q
Attached to the bone
Function: locomotion, maintain posture body position
A
Skeletal
4
Q
In the heart
Function: pumps blood
A
Cardiac
5
Q
In the walls of glands
In the walls of digestive tract, moves food and waste thru tract
Walls of reproductive tract, moves reproductive secretions
Found in walls of the urinary tract, expels urine
Found in walls of blood vessels, constrict or dilate to alter blood flow
Walls of viscera, vessels, glands & ducts
Respiratory tract
A
Smooth muscle
6
Q
Six functions of skeletal muscle
A
Locomotion
Maintain posture and position
Support soft organs
Maintain body temp
Guards entrances and exits
Stores nutrients, proteins, adipose, ions, sugars
7
Q
Bundle of fascicles
A
Skeletal muscle
8
Q
Dense CT tissue surrounding the muscle
A
Epimysium
9
Q
Bundle of muscle fibers/cells
A
Fascicle
10
Q
Dense CT tissue surrounding the fascicle
A
Perimysium
11
Q
Bundle of proteins/cells called myofilaments
A
Myofibril
12
Q
Cell membrane covering the muscle fiber
A
Sarcolema
13
Q
Dense CT tissue covering the sarcolema and muscle fiber
A
Endomysium
14
Q
All tied to the tendon
A
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
15
Q
Proteins that make up the Myofibril
A
Actin/thin filament
Myosin/thick filament
16
Q
Contractile unit of a muscle cell; extends from Z line to Z line
A
Sarcomere
17
Q
3D array of proteins like a disk with actin filaments attached
A
Z line
18
Q
3D disk of proteins to which myosin filaments are attached
A
M line
19
Q
Region of a sarcomere that has thin filaments or actin only
A
I band
20
Q
Region of sarcomere that has actin and myosin overlapping each other
A
Zone of overlap
21
Q
Region of a sarcomere that has myosin only
A
H zone
22
Q
Zone of overlap + H zone + Zone of overlap
A
A band
23
Q
A muscle cell is a
A
Muscle fiber
24
Q
The endoplasmic reticulum of a skeletal muscle cell is called
A
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
25
A tubule that’s extends down and through the muscle cell so things can pass through the muscle cell
T Tubule transverse tubules
26
F actin is called
Filament
27
1 F actin molecule is made of a number of ______ sub units
G actin
28
G actin each have an area on them where some activity takes place is called
Active site
29
Is the location on the G actin where myosin heads will bind
Active site
30
Blocks the active sites on actin when a muscle is relaxed
Tropomyosin
31
Attached to the actin and the tropomyosin
Troponin
32
Holds tropomyosin over active site while muscle is relaxed
Troponin
33
3 binding sites of Troponin
1. Tropomyosin
2. Calcium
3. Actin
34
Essentially the Troponin molecule will bind to two things at once
Either tropomyosin and calcium
Or
Tropomyosin and actin
35
If no calcium is available then the Troponin molecule will hold _________ over the active site
Tropomyosin
36
When calcium binds to Troponin it’s going to change shape and pull ________ off the active site
Tropomyosin
37
Structure of the myosin cell
Cross bridges (two heads)
Tail
Hinge
38
Each tubule of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum is called a
Cisterna
39
Each _____ has a lot fluids running through it filled with calcium ions
Cisterna
40
The Cisterna that budding or adjacent to the T tubules are called
Terminal tubule
41
Terminal Cisterna + t tubule + terminal Cisterna
Triad
42
Neuron that lives in the spinal cord
Motor neuron
43
At the end of the neuron, a long branch is called
Axon
44
The axon is going to have multiple branches at the end
Telodendrion
45
Each telodendrion ends up in a structure called
Synaptic knob
46
Within the synaptic knob there are small bundles of membrane called
Synaptic vesicle
47
Synaptic vesicles are filled with a neurotransmitter is called
Acetylcholine
48
Integral membrane proteins represents a structure called
Acetylcholine receptor
49
Synaptic knobs have membrane proteins called
Calcium ion channels
50
Any substance that transmits a message from a neuron to another cell
Neurotransmitter
51
An _____ occurs because of the release of ACH
Action potential
52
Skeletal muscle cells and neurons have _____ that are closed but can open with a certain voltage we shock them and they open, when we stop shocking them close
Voltage gated channels
53
The gap or space is called
Synaptic cleft
54
Each acetylcholine receptor is attached to a ?
Sodium ion channel
55
As the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft, it begins binding to
Acetylcholine receptors
56
Once acetylcholine binds to the receptors
Sodium channels open
57
An enzyme in the synaptic cleft that breaks down acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
58
Each skeletal muscle fiber is electrically isolated from the surrounding muscle fibers by its
Endomysium
59
The ______ also physically ties the muscle fibers together at the end of each fascicle
Endomysium
60
A nerve called a _______ (that lives in the spinal cord) carries and electrical impulse called an _________ down its _______. When the action potential reaches a _________ it opens voltage gated _______.
Motor neuron
Action potential
Axon
Synaptic knob
Calcium channels
61
Calcium will enter the synaptic knob and causes _________ to fuse their membrane with the membrane of the synaptic knob and release the neurotransmitter ________ into the _______. The neurotransmitter crosses the cleft and binds to receptors on the end motor plate.
Synaptic vesicles
Acetylcholine
Synaptic cleft
62
This opens chemically gated sodium channels that start an action potential spending through the ______ Myofiber
Sarcolemma
63
This action potential spreads down the _______ and shocks the ________ into releasing calcium ions
T tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
64
Calcium binds to Troponin. Troponin changes it’s shape and pulls _________ off the active site. Myosin heads begin binding and releasing and binding. Contracting the sarcomere. The muscle is contracting.
Tropomyosin
65
Sliding filament theory
Z line ——> M line
I band got smaller
H zone gets smaller
Zone of overlap got larger
A band stays the same length
66
The myosin molecule is an enzyme that can hydrolyze or breakdown
ATP molecules
67
The myosin heads have _______ bound to them
ADP plus phosphate
68
The myosin head has a high affinity for_____ and has a higher affinity for the active site on ______ and it’s has an even higher affinity for _____
ADP
Actin
ATP
69
The myosin head would choose
ATP
Active site on actin
ADP
70
In order to expose the _________ , calcium has to bind to Troponin and it will change shape and pull tropomyosin off the active site
Step 1. Active site exposure
71
Once the active sites are exposed, the energized myosin heads bind to them, forming cross bridges
Step 2 cross bridge attachment
72
After cross bridge formation, the energy that was stored in the resting state is released as the myosin head pivots toward the M line. This action is called the power stroke; when it occurs, the bound ADP and phosphate group are released
Step 3 pivot
73
When another ATP binds to the myosin head, the link between the myosin head and the active site on the actin molecule is broken. The active site is now exposed and able to form another cross bridge.
Step 4: Cross bridge detachment
74
Myosin reactivation occurs when the free myosin head splits ______. The energy released is used to recook the myosin head
Step 5: Reactivation atp into adp and p
75
Stiffness that sets in the body after death
Rigor Mortis
76
Because of its structure, when a muscle fiber contracts it either contracts 100% or 0%. Either all of its sarcomeres are contracting or none of them are, so this is referred to as
All or nothing principle
77
The amount of tension in a muscle produces is dependent upon two physiological factors
Recruitment
Frequency of stimulation
78
A ______ is a single stimulus contraction relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber. It accomplishes nothing useful
Twitch
79
The stages of twitch
Period of time after stimulus but before we see an increase in tension in the muscle
Latent period
80
The stages of twitch
Tension is increasing during contraction phase of a twitch
Contraction phase
81
The stages of twitch
Tension is decreasing in the muscle
Relaxation phase
82
A unique feature of muscle twitches is that if stimulated often enough the tension of one twitch can be added to another this is called
Wave summation
83
Max tension in a muscle
Tetanus
84
Muscle is at max tension with no signs of relaxation
Complete tetanus
85
Is inability of a muscle to contract due to a lack of energy
Fatigue
86
All the muscle cells controlled by a single motor neuron
Motor unit
87
Increasing the number of active motor units
Recruitment
88
Releases tetanus = spastic paralysis
Results in continuous release of NT at neuromuscular junction
Clostridium tetani
89
Releases botulism toxin “Botox”
Results in flaccid paralysis
Stops release of acetylcholine
Clostridium botulinum
90
Is a pulling force
Tension
91
Is the tension produced by muscle fibers pulling deep on the fascia
Internal tension
92
Is tension produced by the deep fascia pulling on tendon and bone
External tension
93
Inherent tension in a muscle while it’s relaxed
Tone
94
Increasing the tension in a muscle by increasing the frequency of stimulation
Wave summation
95
The muscles are at max tension with visible signs of relaxation
Incomplete tetanus
96
Muscles that control _________ have a motor neuron that controls many myfibers. This is said to be a high ratio of myofibers to motor neurons.
Gross movement
97
Muscles that control _____ have a motor neuron that controls few myofibers. This is said to be a low ratio of myofibers to motor neurons
Fine movement
98
Muscle tension remains constant but muscle length changes
Isotonic contractions
99
The tension in the muscle is greater than the resistance and the muscle shortens towards its center
Concentric contraction
100
The tension in the muscle is less than the resistance and even though muscle fibers are providing tension, the muscle lengthens.
Eccentric contractions
101
The muscle length remains constant but the tension in the muscle changes
Isometric contractions
102
Muscle performance usually refers to
Force and power
103
Refers to the amount of tension in a muscle or group of muscle
Force
104
Is the amount of time during which a muscle or muscle group can perform activity
Endurance
105
White fibers
Power
Large diameter fibers
Fewer mitochondria
Fewer blood vessels
Fast twitch
106
Red fibers
Less power more endurance
Smaller diameter myofibrils
More mitochondria
Increase number of blood vessels
Slow twitch
107
Forms a tubular network around each myofibril
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
108
Are narrow tubes whose surfaces are continuous with the sarcolemma and extend deep into the sarcoplasm
T tubules
109
Wherever a T tubule encircles a myofibril, the tubule is tightly bound to the membranes of the SR. On either side of a T tubule, the tubules of the SR enlarge, fuse, and form expanded chambers called
Terminal Cisternae
110
The _______ is at the center of the A band
M line
111
In a resting sarcomere , the ______ is a lighter region on either side of the M line
H zone
112
The _______ is a dark region where thin filaments are located between the thick filaments
Zone of overlap
113
Two tubules encircle each sarcomere, and the triads containing them are located in the _______, at the edges of the A band.
Zones of overlap
114
When the action potential reaches the neurons axon terminal, permeability changes in its membrane trigger the _______ of ACH into the synaptic cleft
Exocytosis
115
An enlargement of the stimulated muscle
Hypertrophy
116
This reduction in muscle size, tone, and power
Atrophy
