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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major function of all muscle tissues ?

A

Is designed to contract and shorten in length to move things

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2
Q

List the three types of muscle tissue found in the body

A

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

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3
Q

Attached to the bone

Function: locomotion, maintain posture body position

A

Skeletal

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4
Q

In the heart

Function: pumps blood

A

Cardiac

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5
Q

In the walls of glands

In the walls of digestive tract, moves food and waste thru tract

Walls of reproductive tract, moves reproductive secretions

Found in walls of the urinary tract, expels urine

Found in walls of blood vessels, constrict or dilate to alter blood flow

Walls of viscera, vessels, glands & ducts

Respiratory tract

A

Smooth muscle

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6
Q

Six functions of skeletal muscle

A

Locomotion

Maintain posture and position

Support soft organs

Maintain body temp

Guards entrances and exits

Stores nutrients, proteins, adipose, ions, sugars

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7
Q

Bundle of fascicles

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Dense CT tissue surrounding the muscle

A

Epimysium

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9
Q

Bundle of muscle fibers/cells

A

Fascicle

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10
Q

Dense CT tissue surrounding the fascicle

A

Perimysium

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11
Q

Bundle of proteins/cells called myofilaments

A

Myofibril

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12
Q

Cell membrane covering the muscle fiber

A

Sarcolema

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13
Q

Dense CT tissue covering the sarcolema and muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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14
Q

All tied to the tendon

A

Endomysium

Perimysium

Epimysium

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15
Q

Proteins that make up the Myofibril

A

Actin/thin filament

Myosin/thick filament

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16
Q

Contractile unit of a muscle cell; extends from Z line to Z line

A

Sarcomere

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17
Q

3D array of proteins like a disk with actin filaments attached

A

Z line

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18
Q

3D disk of proteins to which myosin filaments are attached

A

M line

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19
Q

Region of a sarcomere that has thin filaments or actin only

A

I band

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20
Q

Region of sarcomere that has actin and myosin overlapping each other

A

Zone of overlap

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21
Q

Region of a sarcomere that has myosin only

A

H zone

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22
Q

Zone of overlap + H zone + Zone of overlap

A

A band

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23
Q

A muscle cell is a

A

Muscle fiber

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24
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum of a skeletal muscle cell is called

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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25
Q

A tubule that’s extends down and through the muscle cell so things can pass through the muscle cell

A

T Tubule transverse tubules

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26
Q

F actin is called

A

Filament

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27
Q

1 F actin molecule is made of a number of ______ sub units

A

G actin

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28
Q

G actin each have an area on them where some activity takes place is called

A

Active site

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29
Q

Is the location on the G actin where myosin heads will bind

A

Active site

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30
Q

Blocks the active sites on actin when a muscle is relaxed

A

Tropomyosin

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31
Q

Attached to the actin and the tropomyosin

A

Troponin

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32
Q

Holds tropomyosin over active site while muscle is relaxed

A

Troponin

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33
Q

3 binding sites of Troponin

A
  1. Tropomyosin
  2. Calcium
  3. Actin
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34
Q

Essentially the Troponin molecule will bind to two things at once

A

Either tropomyosin and calcium

Or

Tropomyosin and actin

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35
Q

If no calcium is available then the Troponin molecule will hold _________ over the active site

A

Tropomyosin

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36
Q

When calcium binds to Troponin it’s going to change shape and pull ________ off the active site

A

Tropomyosin

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37
Q

Structure of the myosin cell

A

Cross bridges (two heads)

Tail

Hinge

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38
Q

Each tubule of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum is called a

A

Cisterna

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39
Q

Each _____ has a lot fluids running through it filled with calcium ions

A

Cisterna

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40
Q

The Cisterna that budding or adjacent to the T tubules are called

A

Terminal tubule

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41
Q

Terminal Cisterna + t tubule + terminal Cisterna

A

Triad

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42
Q

Neuron that lives in the spinal cord

A

Motor neuron

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43
Q

At the end of the neuron, a long branch is called

A

Axon

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44
Q

The axon is going to have multiple branches at the end

A

Telodendrion

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45
Q

Each telodendrion ends up in a structure called

A

Synaptic knob

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46
Q

Within the synaptic knob there are small bundles of membrane called

A

Synaptic vesicle

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47
Q

Synaptic vesicles are filled with a neurotransmitter is called

A

Acetylcholine

48
Q

Integral membrane proteins represents a structure called

A

Acetylcholine receptor

49
Q

Synaptic knobs have membrane proteins called

A

Calcium ion channels

50
Q

Any substance that transmits a message from a neuron to another cell

A

Neurotransmitter

51
Q

An _____ occurs because of the release of ACH

A

Action potential

52
Q

Skeletal muscle cells and neurons have _____ that are closed but can open with a certain voltage we shock them and they open, when we stop shocking them close

A

Voltage gated channels

53
Q

The gap or space is called

A

Synaptic cleft

54
Q

Each acetylcholine receptor is attached to a ?

A

Sodium ion channel

55
Q

As the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft, it begins binding to

A

Acetylcholine receptors

56
Q

Once acetylcholine binds to the receptors

A

Sodium channels open

57
Q

An enzyme in the synaptic cleft that breaks down acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

58
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber is electrically isolated from the surrounding muscle fibers by its

A

Endomysium

59
Q

The ______ also physically ties the muscle fibers together at the end of each fascicle

A

Endomysium

60
Q

A nerve called a _______ (that lives in the spinal cord) carries and electrical impulse called an _________ down its _______. When the action potential reaches a _________ it opens voltage gated _______.

A

Motor neuron

Action potential

Axon

Synaptic knob

Calcium channels

61
Q

Calcium will enter the synaptic knob and causes _________ to fuse their membrane with the membrane of the synaptic knob and release the neurotransmitter ________ into the _______. The neurotransmitter crosses the cleft and binds to receptors on the end motor plate.

A

Synaptic vesicles

Acetylcholine

Synaptic cleft

62
Q

This opens chemically gated sodium channels that start an action potential spending through the ______ Myofiber

A

Sarcolemma

63
Q

This action potential spreads down the _______ and shocks the ________ into releasing calcium ions

A

T tubules

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

Calcium binds to Troponin. Troponin changes it’s shape and pulls _________ off the active site. Myosin heads begin binding and releasing and binding. Contracting the sarcomere. The muscle is contracting.

A

Tropomyosin

65
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

Z line ——> M line

I band got smaller

H zone gets smaller

Zone of overlap got larger

A band stays the same length

66
Q

The myosin molecule is an enzyme that can hydrolyze or breakdown

A

ATP molecules

67
Q

The myosin heads have _______ bound to them

A

ADP plus phosphate

68
Q

The myosin head has a high affinity for_____ and has a higher affinity for the active site on ______ and it’s has an even higher affinity for _____

A

ADP

Actin

ATP

69
Q

The myosin head would choose

A

ATP

Active site on actin

ADP

70
Q

In order to expose the _________ , calcium has to bind to Troponin and it will change shape and pull tropomyosin off the active site

A

Step 1. Active site exposure

71
Q

Once the active sites are exposed, the energized myosin heads bind to them, forming cross bridges

A

Step 2 cross bridge attachment

72
Q

After cross bridge formation, the energy that was stored in the resting state is released as the myosin head pivots toward the M line. This action is called the power stroke; when it occurs, the bound ADP and phosphate group are released

A

Step 3 pivot

73
Q

When another ATP binds to the myosin head, the link between the myosin head and the active site on the actin molecule is broken. The active site is now exposed and able to form another cross bridge.

A

Step 4: Cross bridge detachment

74
Q

Myosin reactivation occurs when the free myosin head splits ______. The energy released is used to recook the myosin head

A

Step 5: Reactivation atp into adp and p

75
Q

Stiffness that sets in the body after death

A

Rigor Mortis

76
Q

Because of its structure, when a muscle fiber contracts it either contracts 100% or 0%. Either all of its sarcomeres are contracting or none of them are, so this is referred to as

A

All or nothing principle

77
Q

The amount of tension in a muscle produces is dependent upon two physiological factors

A

Recruitment

Frequency of stimulation

78
Q

A ______ is a single stimulus contraction relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber. It accomplishes nothing useful

A

Twitch

79
Q

The stages of twitch

Period of time after stimulus but before we see an increase in tension in the muscle

A

Latent period

80
Q

The stages of twitch

Tension is increasing during contraction phase of a twitch

A

Contraction phase

81
Q

The stages of twitch

Tension is decreasing in the muscle

A

Relaxation phase

82
Q

A unique feature of muscle twitches is that if stimulated often enough the tension of one twitch can be added to another this is called

A

Wave summation

83
Q

Max tension in a muscle

A

Tetanus

84
Q

Muscle is at max tension with no signs of relaxation

A

Complete tetanus

85
Q

Is inability of a muscle to contract due to a lack of energy

A

Fatigue

86
Q

All the muscle cells controlled by a single motor neuron

A

Motor unit

87
Q

Increasing the number of active motor units

A

Recruitment

88
Q

Releases tetanus = spastic paralysis

Results in continuous release of NT at neuromuscular junction

A

Clostridium tetani

89
Q

Releases botulism toxin “Botox”
Results in flaccid paralysis
Stops release of acetylcholine

A

Clostridium botulinum

90
Q

Is a pulling force

A

Tension

91
Q

Is the tension produced by muscle fibers pulling deep on the fascia

A

Internal tension

92
Q

Is tension produced by the deep fascia pulling on tendon and bone

A

External tension

93
Q

Inherent tension in a muscle while it’s relaxed

A

Tone

94
Q

Increasing the tension in a muscle by increasing the frequency of stimulation

A

Wave summation

95
Q

The muscles are at max tension with visible signs of relaxation

A

Incomplete tetanus

96
Q

Muscles that control _________ have a motor neuron that controls many myfibers. This is said to be a high ratio of myofibers to motor neurons.

A

Gross movement

97
Q

Muscles that control _____ have a motor neuron that controls few myofibers. This is said to be a low ratio of myofibers to motor neurons

A

Fine movement

98
Q

Muscle tension remains constant but muscle length changes

A

Isotonic contractions

99
Q

The tension in the muscle is greater than the resistance and the muscle shortens towards its center

A

Concentric contraction

100
Q

The tension in the muscle is less than the resistance and even though muscle fibers are providing tension, the muscle lengthens.

A

Eccentric contractions

101
Q

The muscle length remains constant but the tension in the muscle changes

A

Isometric contractions

102
Q

Muscle performance usually refers to

A

Force and power

103
Q

Refers to the amount of tension in a muscle or group of muscle

A

Force

104
Q

Is the amount of time during which a muscle or muscle group can perform activity

A

Endurance

105
Q

White fibers
Power
Large diameter fibers
Fewer mitochondria
Fewer blood vessels

A

Fast twitch

106
Q

Red fibers
Less power more endurance
Smaller diameter myofibrils
More mitochondria
Increase number of blood vessels

A

Slow twitch

107
Q

Forms a tubular network around each myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

108
Q

Are narrow tubes whose surfaces are continuous with the sarcolemma and extend deep into the sarcoplasm

A

T tubules

109
Q

Wherever a T tubule encircles a myofibril, the tubule is tightly bound to the membranes of the SR. On either side of a T tubule, the tubules of the SR enlarge, fuse, and form expanded chambers called

A

Terminal Cisternae

110
Q

The _______ is at the center of the A band

A

M line

111
Q

In a resting sarcomere , the ______ is a lighter region on either side of the M line

A

H zone

112
Q

The _______ is a dark region where thin filaments are located between the thick filaments

A

Zone of overlap

113
Q

Two tubules encircle each sarcomere, and the triads containing them are located in the _______, at the edges of the A band.

A

Zones of overlap

114
Q

When the action potential reaches the neurons axon terminal, permeability changes in its membrane trigger the _______ of ACH into the synaptic cleft

A

Exocytosis

115
Q

An enlargement of the stimulated muscle

A

Hypertrophy

116
Q

This reduction in muscle size, tone, and power

A

Atrophy

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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