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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 12 Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Neural Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system has two subdivisions

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system CNS

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3
Q

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
All nerve branches

A

PNS peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

PNS has two subdivisions

A

Afferent nervous system

Efferent nervous system

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5
Q

Carry sensory info to the CNS

A

Afferent NS

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6
Q

Any detectable change in the environment

A

Stimulus

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7
Q

Detect stimuli and send info to the CNS

A

Receptor cells

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8
Q

2 types of receptor cells

A

Interorecptor

Exterorecptor

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9
Q

Monitor internal environment

A

Interorecptors

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10
Q

Monitor external environment

A

Exterorecptor

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11
Q

Carry motor commands to effectors (muscles)

A

Efferent NS

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12
Q

Efferent nervous system has two subdivisions

A

Somatic NS

Autonomic NS

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13
Q

Controls skeletal muscle

A

Somatic NS

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14
Q

Controls smooth and cardiac muscle

A

Autonomic NS

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15
Q

Autonomic nervous system has two subdivisions

A

Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic NS

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16
Q

Both control smooth cardiac muscle

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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17
Q

Fight or flight
Active during stress
Increase levels of skeletal muscle and brain activity
Increase heart rate
Increase BP
Increase breathing rate
Increase blood flow to brain skeletal muscles heart and lungs
Decrease wastes and reproductive functions

A

Sympathetic NS

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18
Q

Rest and digest
Active during low stress
Decrease levels of brain and skeletal activity
Decrease heart rate, BP, Breathing rate, blood flow to brain, skeletal muscles, heart and lungs

Increase digestive wastes & reproductive functions
Increase blood flow to these systems

A

Parasympathetic NS

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19
Q

Are integral membrane proteins that allow specific ions to flow across the cell membrane

A

Ion channels

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20
Q

Are always open and allow specific ions to flow across

A

Leak channels

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21
Q

Don’t have an axon

A

Anaxonic neurons

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22
Q

Soma
Long continuous axon with synaptic knobs and dendrites

A

Unipolar neurons

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23
Q

Single dendrite, single axon, each coming off the soma

A

Bi polar neurons

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24
Q

Have multiple branches/dendrites
Single axon

A

Multipolar neurons

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25
Q

The dendrites and axon are attached to the ?

A

Soma

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26
Q

Neuron cell body

A

Soma

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27
Q

Attached to the soma

A

Axon hillock

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28
Q

Dark staining area in a neuron around the nucleus

A

Perikaryon

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29
Q

Is the maintenance of this separation of electrical charge across the membrane while the cell is at rest.

A

Resting membrane potential

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30
Q

While passive channels are allowing ions to diffuse across the membrane, the ________ is pumping them back across where they came from at an equal pace to keep up with the membrane potential at rest.

A

Sodium potassium pump

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31
Q

Open and close in response to the presence of specific chemicals like neurotransmitters and drugs.

A

Chemically gated channels

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32
Q

Open at specific voltages and close at specific voltages

A

Voltage gated channels

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33
Q

Open in response to mechanical or physical distortions of the cell membrane

A

Mechanically gated channels

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34
Q

Ions have a higher concentration outside the cell

A

Sodium ions

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35
Q

Ion concentration much higher inside the cell than outside

A

Potassium ions

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36
Q

the neurons not conducting action potentials while the neurons at rest

A

-70 mv

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37
Q

Since the cell is polarized to minus 70, if I start moving closer to zero, any movement in a positive direction is

A

Depolarize

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38
Q

Gated channels are only found in

A

Excitable cells

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39
Q

Always open and help establish RMP

A

Leak channel

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40
Q

Stimulus to open and close is Excitatory chems and depolarize neurons/depolarize to threshold

A

Chemically gated NA+ sodium

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41
Q

Stimulus to open and close is Inhibitory chems hyper polarized neurons

A

Chemically gated K+ postassium

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42
Q

Stimulus to Open -60 mv close at +30 mv do rapid depolarization

A

Voltages gated na + channel sodium

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43
Q

Open +30 mv close -90 mv Repolarization hyperpolarization

A

Voltage gated K+ channel

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44
Q

@ synaptic knobs

A

Voltaged gated ca++ calcium channels

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45
Q

Most cell to cell communication within the nervous system is by

A

Chemical synapses

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46
Q

A __________ is a small localized change in the RMP.

A

Graded potential

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47
Q

Graded potentials individually are not strong enough to reach threshold and are often referred to as

A

Subthreshold potentials

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48
Q

The voltage necessary to begin opening voltage gated channels

A

Threshold

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49
Q

If the NT opens a sodium channel, sodium ions will ENTER the cell, the neuron will become more POSITIVE inside and is said to DEPOLARIZE or become EXCITED or have an

A

EPSP excitatory post synaptic potentials

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50
Q

If the NT opens potassium channels, potassium ions will exit the cell; the neuron will become negative and is said to hyperpolarize or have an

A

IPSP inhibitory post synaptic potentials

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51
Q

Graded potentials individually can result in _____ of stimulation

A

0.5 mv

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52
Q

Graded potentials can be increased in strength by adding several events together, called

A

Summation

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53
Q

_______ Are summated to bring the cell closer and closer to threshold, while ______ can be summated to bring cell further and further away from threshold and prevent action potentials

A

EPSP

IPSP

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54
Q

Results from continuous stimulation of a single synapse to add either EPSPs or IPSPs together.

A

Temporal summation

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55
Q

Results from simultaneous stimulation of numerous synapses to add either EPSPs or IPSPs together

A

Spatial summation

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56
Q

Occurs when a chemical raises the RMP closer to threshold for a period of time

A

Facilitation

57
Q

Nicotine, caffeine, and cocoa can result in

A

Facilitation

58
Q

Any detectable change in the environment/ anything that alters the RMP

A

Stimulus

59
Q

If a graded potential depolarizes the membrane to a millivoltage that opens voltage gated channels, the cell will start an

A

Action potential

60
Q

An ____ is a self propagating wave of voltage that will pass down the entire length of a neuron

A

Action potential

61
Q

Is the level of depolarization necessary to cause an action potential

A

Threshold potential

62
Q

Once threshold is reached an action potential will pass down the entire length of the axon, there is no turning back. This is referred to as the

A

All or none principal

63
Q

Any ______ that brings the neuron to threshold will cause an action potential

A

Stimulus

64
Q

A chemical stimulus opens chemically gated sodium channels to open, causing a depolarizing graded potential. If the graded potential reaches threshold 60mv, voltage gated sodium channels begin to open.

A

Depolarize to threshold

65
Q

Sodium ions enter the cell making it more positively charged inside. The depolarizing continues to +30mv, the voltage at which all voltage gated sodium channels are closed

A

Rapid depolarization

66
Q

At +30mv potassium channels are opening and potassium ions are flowing out of the cell making it less positively charged inside. This continues until cell reaches 70mv

A

Repolarization

67
Q

At -70mv potassium channels begin to close, but do so very slowly, allowing excess potassium ions to leak out of cell causing it to hyperpolarize to -90mv.

A

Hyperpolarization

68
Q

The sodium potassium pump restores resting membrane potential

A

Return to RMP

69
Q

Period of time during an action potential where no stimuli can cause a second action potential

A

Absolute refractory period

70
Q

Period of time during an action potential where new stimuli can cause a second potential, but it is relative to the strength of the stimulus.

A

Relative refractory period

71
Q

The voltage carried into the cell by the ions will diffuse from an area of high concentration or they entered the cell out to other areas of the cell. If enough voltage spreads it can cause the next patch to reach threshold potential and fire an action potential identical to the last one. This will then cause the next patch and the next and the next to spread this action potential across the entire cell, this is called

A

Continuous conduction

72
Q

The spreading of an action potential across the cell is called

A

Propagation

73
Q

There are two ways to increase conduction velocity within an axon

A

Axon diameter

Myelination

74
Q

Small diameter axons conduct action potentials at about

A

2mph

75
Q

Large diameter axons like pain fibers can carry action potentials at about

A

300 mphs

76
Q

perform continuous conduction where they must depolarize each consecutive patch of membrane for the action potential to reach the synaptic knob

A

Unmyelinated axons

Myelination

77
Q

Myelinated axons Are surrounded by specialized ______ that are filled with a fatty substance called myelin

A

Schwann cells

78
Q

Between the Schwann cells is a small gap called a _______ where the ions do have access to the ion channels

A

Node of ranvier

79
Q

The voltage generated at one node is strong enough to jump to the next node and cause an action potential, which will then jump to the next successive node of ranvier, and so on. This jumping of the action potential is called

A

Saltatory conduction

80
Q

Mechanism of action

Excitatory in skeletal muscle (opens Na+ channels)
Inhibitory in cardiac muscle (opens K+ channels)

Distribution

CNS PNS

A

Acetylcholine (cholergenic)

81
Q

Mechanism of action

Usually excitatory (opens na channels )

Distribution

CNS and PNS sympathetic

A

Norepinephrine (adrenergic)

82
Q

Mechanism of action

Inhibitory to motor neurons (low Parkinson’s)
Excitatory in emotional & pleasure centers (feel good NT)

Distribution

CNS

A

Dopamine

83
Q

Mechanisms of action

Inhibitory for pain fibers runners high
Released during shock don’t feel injury

Distribution

CNS

A

Endorphins

84
Q

Mechanisms of action

Released when fell bad like having the flu

Distribution

CNS

A

Enkephalins

85
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Endorphins
Enkephalins

86
Q

A _______ can communicate to a skeletal muscle cell at a neuromuscular junction across a synaptic cleft

A

Neuron

87
Q

At a synapse a ________ is released by a presynaptic cell, it travels across the synaptic cleft, and then binds to receptor on the post synaptic cell.

A

Neurotransmitter

88
Q

At the post synaptic membrane this NT will open a specific type of chemically gated channel and alter resting membrane potential until the NT is removed by an

A

Enzyme

89
Q

As soon as the NT breaks down the channel will close, diffusion of ions stops, and the sodium postassium pump returns the cell to

A

Resting membrane potential

90
Q

-60 mv

A

Threshold potential

91
Q

-70 mv

A

RMP

92
Q

Chemically gated channels are located

A

Soma

93
Q

Voltage gated channels are located on the

A

Axon

94
Q

At the post synaptic membrane, if I open chemically gated sodium channels I’m going to get an

A

EPSP excitatory post synaptic potential

95
Q

Action potentials must always reach

A

Threshold

96
Q

-90 mv

A

Hyperpolarization

97
Q

Above -60mv and back to -60mv

A

Absolute refractory period

98
Q

Two ways to reach threshold

A

Temporal and spatial summation

99
Q

Schwann cell is a

A

Glia cell

100
Q

Insulates the axon from the surrounding fluid and blocks ion access to the ion channels

A

Myelin

101
Q

The collection of Schwann cells

A

Myelin sheath

102
Q

have slower action potentials

A

Unmyelinated axons

103
Q

the action potential can travel more rapidly

A

Myelinated axons

104
Q

Blood vessels that filter blood and CSF

A

Choroid plexus

105
Q

Information processing and fine action potential

A

Neurons

106
Q

No information processing (do not conduct action potentials) support neurons physically, nutritionally, biochemically

A

Neuroglia

107
Q

Star shaped, provide framework for neurons of brain and spinal cord. Also help form the blood brain barrier.

A

Astrocytes

108
Q

Line the walls of brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord, they monitor and alter components of CSF

A

Ependymal cells

109
Q

Myelinate axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

110
Q

White blood cells (immune cells) that phagocytose debris, damaged, tissue or infectious agents

A

Microglia

111
Q

Myelinate some axons in PNS to increase action potentials

A

Schwann cells

112
Q

In the CNS, a collection of somata that perform same function is called a

A

Nucleus or center

113
Q

In the PNS, a collection of somata that perform the same function is called

A

Ganglion

114
Q

A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a

A

Tract or fasicle

115
Q

A bundle of axons in the PNS is called

A

A nerve

116
Q

House centers for vital functions, breathing, heart beat, digestive system

A

Medulla pons

117
Q

Visual reflexes

A

Superior colliculus

118
Q

Auditory reflexes

A

Inferior colliculus

119
Q

Motor coordination

A

Cerebellum

120
Q

Is made of somata (cell bodies of neurons) and unmyelinated axons. It appears darker or gray in color due to lack of Myelination

A

Gray matter

121
Q

Is made up of myelinated axons. The Myelination, provided by oligodendrocytes, gives it a whiter or lighter appearance than gray matter.

A

White matter

122
Q

The brain stems consists of

A

Medulla

Pons

Midbrain

123
Q

Connects directly to the spinal cord, is the lowest and most primitive part of the brain, and controls basic vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestive functions

A

Medulla

124
Q

Sits on top of the medulla, is a bridge to the cerebellum, and carries fibers that relay information to and from the cerebellum regarding motor control. The ______ also houses to centers that are involved in regulating respiratory rhythms

A

Pons

125
Q

Controls muscle patterns for posture, walking, and visual and auditory reflexes

A

Midbrain

126
Q

Coordinates somatic motor patterns and muscle memory like dancing, juggling, shooting a basketball, playing a musical instrument

A

Cerebellum

127
Q

Consists of the hypothalamus and thalamus

A

Diencephalon

128
Q

Contains numerous center or nuclei that regulate the internal environment including body temperature, hunger, sex drives, emotions, and hormones.

A

Hypothalamus

129
Q

Contains nuclei and centers involved in filtering and relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

130
Q

Highest level of thinking, problem solving, sequential, complex thought

A

Cerebrum

131
Q

The _____ is a clear fluid that is filtered out of specialized capillary beds called the choroid plexus

A

CSF

132
Q

Delivers glucose, other nutrients, and ions necessary to keep neurons functioning properly, it also washes away wastes and debris to be reabsorbed back into the blood stream

A

CSF

133
Q

The _____ is maintained by astrocytes

A

Blood brain barrier

134
Q

Monitors electrolytes salts and water concentrations and is the brains link to the endocrine system via pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

135
Q

Secretes a number of hormones into the blood controlling numerous other hormones and endocrine glands. Often called master control gland.

A

Pituitary gland

136
Q

Secretes a hormone called melatonin into the blood which regulates our day/night rhythms, called circadian rhythm’s

A

Pineal gland

137
Q

Largest region of the brain, processes sensory and motor information that we are consciously aware of, performs intellectual functions like thinking and problem solving

A

Cerebrum

138
Q

Information passes from neuron to neuron across a small gap called a

A

Synaptic cleft

139
Q

If a neuron makes and uses a particular NT, that cell only releases that _____ and no others

A

Neurotransmitter

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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