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A&P I - Dr Lian > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Five primary functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of Minerals (calcium) and Lipids (yellow
    marrow)
  3. Blood Cell Production (red marrow)
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage (force of motion)
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2
Q

Small, irregular bones that are found between the flat bones of the skull

A

Sutural Bones

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3
Q

Bones that have complex shapes

• Examples: spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones

A

Irregular Bones

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4
Q

Bones that are small and thick

• Examples: ankle and wrist bones

A

Short Bones

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5
Q

Bones that are thin with parallel surfaces and are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

A

Flat Bones

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6
Q

Bones that are Long and thin and are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

A

Long Bones

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7
Q

Bones that are Small and flat and develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands,
and feet

A

Sesamoid Bones

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8
Q

Term for bone markings that are found along bone surface

A

Depressions or grooves

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9
Q

Term for bone markings that are found where tendons and ligaments attach and at articulations with other bones

A

Elevations or projections

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10
Q

Term for bone markings that are found where blood and nerves enter bone

A

Tunnels

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11
Q

The shaft of the long bone that is made of a heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone

A

Diaphysis

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12
Q

What is the central space in the diaphysis called?

A

medullary (marrow) cavity

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13
Q

Wide part at each end of the long bone that articulates with other bones; It is mostly spongy (cancellous) bone and covered with compact bone (cortex)

A

Epiphysis

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14
Q

Structure where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

A

Metaphysis

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15
Q

What is the layer of spongy bone between

the compact bone found within the cranium?

A

diploë

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16
Q

Structure that has dense, supportive connective tissue and contains specialized cells that produce solid matrix of calcium salt deposits

A

Bone (Osseous) Tissue

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17
Q

This structure forms pathways for blood vessels and exchanges nutrients and wastes

A

Canaliculi

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18
Q

This structure covers outer surfaces of bones and consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

The bone matrix is composed of two thirds of what compound?

A

calcium phosphate,

Ca3(PO4)2

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20
Q

The bone matrix is composed of one third of what compound?

A

protein fibers (collagen)

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21
Q

Calcium phosphate reacts with calcium hydroxide in the bone matrix to form crystals of?

A

hydroxyapatite

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22
Q

four types of cells of bones

A
  1. Osteocytes
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteoprogenitor cells
  4. Osteoclasts
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23
Q

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and live in lacunae and are between layers (lamellae) of matrix

A

Osteocytes

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24
Q

Two major functions of osteocytes

A
  1. To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix

2. To help repair damaged bone

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25
Q

Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds

osteogenesis

A

Osteoblasts

26
Q

matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not

yet calcified to form bone

A

Osteoid

27
Q

Osteoblasts surrounded by bone become what type of cells?

A

osteocytes

28
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce

osteoblasts and are located in endosteum. They assist in fracture repair

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

29
Q

Giant, multinucleate cells that secrete acids and protein-digesting enzyme which dissolves bone matrix and release stored minerals
(osteolysis)

A

Osteoclasts

30
Q

basic unit of a compact bone

A

Osteon

31
Q

These structures are perpendicular to the central canal and carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

A

Perforating canals

32
Q

Describe the characteristics of a spongy bone.

A
  • Does not have osteons
  • The matrix forms an open network of trabeculae
  • Trabeculae have no blood vessels
  • The space between trabeculae is filled with red bone marrow
  • In some bones, spongy bone holds yellow bone marrow
33
Q

Found in the space between trabeculae that forms red blood cells and supplies nutrients to osteocytes

A

red bone marrow

34
Q

Why is the yellow bone marrow ‘yellow’?

A

because it stores fat

35
Q

collagen fibers of the periosteum

A

Perforating fibers

36
Q

Functions of Periosteum

A
  1. Isolates bone from surrounding tissues
  2. Provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply
  3. Participates in bone growth and repair
37
Q

Incomplete cellular layer in the compact bone that lines the medullary (marrow) cavity; It covers trabeculae of spongy bone, lines central canals, contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and
osteoclasts and are active in bone growth and repair

A

Endosteum

38
Q

Bone formation is called?

A

Osteogenesis

39
Q

The process of replacing other tissues with bone

A

Ossification

40
Q

The process of depositing calcium salts which occurs during bone ossification and in other tissues

A

Calcification

41
Q

Two main forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral ossification

2. Intramembranous ossification

42
Q

Form of ossification where it ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartilage

A

Endochondral Ossification

43
Q 
Form of ossification where it occurs in the dermis and produces dermal bones such as mandible (lower jaw)
and clavicle (collarbone)
A

Intramembranous Ossification

44
Q

Intramembranous Ossification is also called?

A

dermal ossification

45
Q

A single pair of large blood vessels that enter the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen

A

Nutrient Artery and Vein

46
Q

Blood vessels that supply the epiphyseal cartilage

A

Metaphyseal Vessels

47
Q

Blood vessels that supply blood to superficial osteons

A

Periosteal Vessels

48
Q

If deposition is greater than removal, bones get ________

A

stronger

49
Q

If removal is faster than replacement, bones get

_________

A

weaker

50
Q

Effects of Exercise on Bone

A
  • Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress

* Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger

51
Q

Hormone made in the kidneys that helps absorb calcium and phosphorus from
digestive tract; it is synthesized from vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

A

hormone calcitriol

52
Q

Vitamin required for collagen synthesis, and

stimulation of osteoblast differentiation

A

Vitamin C

53
Q

Vitamin that stimulates osteoblast activity

A

Vitamin A

54
Q

Vitamins that help synthesize bone proteins

A

Vitamins K and B12

55
Q

Hormones that stimulate bone growth

A

Growth hormone and thyroxine

56
Q

Hormones that stimulate osteoblasts

A

Estrogens and androgens

57
Q

Hormones that regulate calcium

and phosphate levels

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

58
Q

Hormone produced by parathyroid glands in neck which increases calcium ion levels

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

59
Q

How does PTH increase calcium ion levels?

A

by:

  1. Stimulating osteoclasts
  2. Increasing intestinal absorption of calcium
  3. Decreasing calcium excretion at kidneys
60
Q

Secreted by C cells (parafollicular cells) in thyroid that decreases calcium ion

A

Calcitonin

61
Q

How does Calcitonin decreases calcium ion levels?

A

by:

  1. Inhibiting osteoclast activity
  2. Increasing calcium excretion at kidneys
62
Q

Four steps of fracture repair

A
  1. Bleeding
  2. Cells of the endosteum and periosteum
  3. Osteoblasts
  4. Osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture for
    up to a year

A&P I - Dr Lian (8 decks)

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