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A&P I - Dr Lian > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Two kind of cells of neural tissue

A
  1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia

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2
Q

Cells that send and receive signals

A

Neurons

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3
Q

Cells that support and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia (glial cells)

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4
Q

Functions of neuroglia

A
  • Maintain physical structure of tissues
  • Repair tissue framework after injury
  • Perform phagocytosis
  • Regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons
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5
Q

Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)

* Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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6
Q

division of the nervous system that consists of the spinal cord and brain and functions to process and coordinate sensory data, motor commands, and higher functions of brain intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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7
Q

Functional Divisions of the PNS

A
  • Afferent division

* Efferent division

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8
Q

Division of the PNS that carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

A

Afferent division

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9
Q

Division of the PNS that carries motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

A

Efferent division

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10
Q

These detect changes or respond to stimuli and consists of neurons and specialized cells

A

Receptors

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11
Q

These respond to efferent signals

A

Effectors

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12
Q

Part of the efferent division that controls voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)
muscle skeletal contractions

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

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13
Q

Part of the efferent division that controls subconscious actions, contractions of
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, and
glandular secretions

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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14
Q

Part of the ANS division that has a stimulating effect

A

Sympathetic division

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15
Q

Part of the ANS division that has a relaxing effect

A

Parasympathetic division

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16
Q

What structures are found in the cytoskeleton of a neuron?

A

Neurofibrils, neurofilaments and neurotubules

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17
Q

bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon

A

Neurofibrils

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18
Q

Dense areas of RER and ribosomes that make neural tissue appear gray (gray matter)

A

Nissl bodies

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19
Q

Area where a neuron

communicates with another cell

A

synapse

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20
Q

expanded area of axon of presynaptic neuron that contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters

A

synaptic terminal

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21
Q

chemical messengers that are released at presynaptic membrane that affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane; they are broken down by enzymes and are reassembled at synaptic terminal

A

Neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Neurotubules within the axon that transport raw materials between cell body and synaptic terminal, and are powered by mitochondria, kinesin, and dynein

A

Axoplasmic transport

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23
Q

Type of synapse between neuron and muscle

A

Neuromuscular junction

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24
Q

Type of synapse between neuron and gland

A

Neuroglandular junction

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25
Q

Type of neuron found in brain and sense organs (small)

A

Anaxonic neurons

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26
Q

Type of neuron found in special sensory organs (sight, smell, hearing, one axon and one dentrite)

A

Bipolar neurons

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27
Q

Type of neuron found in sensory neurons of PNS (Fused dendrites and axon)

A

Unipolar neurons

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28
Q

Type of neuron common in the CNS and include all skeletal muscle motor neurons (Multiple dendrites, one axon)

A

Multipolar neurons

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29
Q

Afferent neurons of PNS

A

Sensory neurons

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30
Q

Efferent neurons of PNS

A

Motor neurons

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31
Q

Association neurons that are responsible for distribution of sensory information, coordination of motor activity, and are involved in higher functions such as memory, planning, and learning

A

Interneurons

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32
Q

Functions of Sensory Neurons

A
  • Monitor internal environment (visceral sensory neurons)

* Monitor effects of external environment (somatic sensory neurons)

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33
Q

Three Types of Sensory Receptors

A
  1. Interoceptors
  2. Exteroceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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34
Q

Type of sensory receptors that monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive) and internal senses (taste, deep pressure, pain)

A

Interoceptors

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35
Q

Type of sensory receptors that monitor external senses (touch, temperature, pressure) and distance senses (sight, smell, hearing)

A

Exteroceptors

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36
Q

Type of sensory receptors that monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)

A

Proprioceptors

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37
Q

Four Types of Neuroglia

A
  1. Ependymal cells
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia
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38
Q

Cells with highly branched processes and contact neuroglia directly; they secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Ependymal cells

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39
Q

Type of neuroglia that have large cell bodies with many processes

A

Astrocytes

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40
Q

Type of neuroglia that have smaller cell bodies with fewer processes

A

Oligodendrocytes

41
Q

Type of neuroglia that has the smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched
processes

A

Microglia

42
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A
  • Maintain blood–brain barrier (isolates CNS)
  • Create three-dimensional framework for CNS
  • Repair damaged neural tissue
  • Guide neuron development
  • Control interstitial environment
43
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

responsible for myelination

44
Q

What are the benefits of myelination?

A
  • Increases speed of action potentials

* Myelin insulates myelinated axons

45
Q

Regions of CNS with many myelinated nerves

A

White matter

46
Q

Unmyelinated areas of CNS

A

Gray matter

47
Q

Masses of neuron cell bodies surrounded by neuroglia and are found in the PNS

A

Ganglia

48
Q

Also called amphicytes, they surround ganglia and regulate environment around neuron

A

Satellite cells

49
Q

Also called neurilemma cells, they form myelin sheath (neurilemma) around
peripheral axons

A

Schwann cells

50
Q

The transmembrane potential of resting cell and ranges from –10 mV to –100 mV,
depending on cell type

A

Resting potential

51
Q

Temporary, localized change in resting potential, caused by stimulus

A

Graded potential

52
Q

an electrical impulse produced by graded potential and propagates along surface of axon to synapse

A

Action potential

53
Q

resting potential of the neuron

A

70mV difference between the inside and

the outside

54
Q

powered by ATP and carries 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in, balances passive forces of diffusion and maintains resting potential (–70 mV)

A

Sodium–potassium ATPase (exchange pump)

55
Q

Channels that are always open and their permeability changes with conditions

A

Passive Channels (Leak Channels)

56
Q

Channels that open and close in response to stimuli

A

Active Channels (Gated Channels)

57
Q

How does an action potential fire?

A

• The action potential is a rapid depolarization
of the membrane.
• It starts at the axon hillock and passes quickly
along the axon.
• The membrane is quickly repolarized to allow
subsequent firing.

58
Q

Four Steps in the Generation of Action Potentials

A 
• Step 1: Depolarization to threshold
• Step 2: Activation of Na+ channels
• Step 3: Inactivation of Na+ channels and activation
of K+ channels
• Step 4: Return to normal permeability
59
Q

What happens during rapid depolarization?

A

• When partial depolarization reaches the activation
threshold, voltage-gated sodium ion channels open.
• Sodium ions rush in.
• The membrane potential changes from -70mV to +40mV.

60
Q

What happens during activation of Na+ channels (Step 2)?

A
  • Rapid depolarization
  • Na+ ions rush into cytoplasm
  • Inner membrane changes from negative to positive
61
Q

The time period from beginning of action potential to return to resting state, during which membrane will not respond normally to additional stimuli

A

Refractory Period

62
Q

Moves action potentials generated in axon hillock along entire length of axon

A

Propagation

63
Q

Two methods of propagating action potentials

A
  1. Continuous propagation (unmyelinated axons)

2. Saltatory propagation (myelinated axons)

64
Q

Steps in propagation

A
  • Step 1: Action potential in segment 1
  • Step 2: Depolarizes second segment to threshold
  • Step 3: First segment enters refractory period
  • Step 4: Local current depolarizes next segment
65
Q

Method of propagating action potentials that occur along myelinated axon, and is faster and uses less energy than continuous
propagation; Myelin insulates axon which prevents continuous
propagation, so local current “jumps” from node to node and depolarization occurs only at nodes

A

Saltatory Propagation

66
Q

The larger the diameter of an axon, the ________ the resistance

A

lower

67
Q

Three Groups of Axons

A
  1. Type A fibers
  2. Type B fibers
  3. Type C fibers
68
Q

A group of axon that are myelinated, has a large diameter and high speed, and carry rapid information to/from CNS (ex: position, balance, touch, and motor
impulses)

A

Type A Fibers

69
Q

A group of axon that are myelinated, has a medium diameter medium speed (18 m/sec) and carry intermediate signals (ex: sensory information, peripheral
effectors)

A

Type B Fibers

70
Q

A group of axon that are unmyelinated, has a small diameter, slow speed (1 m/sec), and carry slower information (ex: involuntary muscle, gland controls)

A

Type C Fibers

71
Q

Two Types of Synapses

A
  1. Electrical synapses

2. Chemical synapses

72
Q

Type of synapse involving direct physical contact between cells

A

Electrical synapses

73
Q

Type of synapse involving signal transmission across a gap by chemical
neurotransmitters

A

Chemical synapses

74
Q

Two Classes of Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Excitatory neurotransmitters

2. Inhibitory neurotransmitters

75
Q

Type of neurotransmitteres that cause depolarization of postsynaptic membranes and promote action potentials

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

76
Q

Type of neurotransmitteres that cause hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membranes and suppress action potentials

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

77
Q

A type of neurotransmitter that usually promotes action potentials, but inhibits cardiac neuromuscular junctions

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

78
Q

What are cholinergic synapses?

A

Any synapse that releases ACh at:
1. All neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle
fibers
2. Many synapses in CNS
3. All neuron-to-neuron synapses in PNS
4. All neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions of
ANS parasympathetic division

79
Q

Occurs when neurotransmitter cannot recycle fast

enough to meet demands of intense stimuli and synapse inactive until ACh is replenished

A

Synaptic Fatigue

80
Q

Neurotransmitters that are released by adrenergic synapses, and have an excitatory and depolarizing effect

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

81
Q

CNS neurotransmitter that may be excitatory or inhibitory and is involved in Parkinson’s disease and cocaine use

A

Dopamine

82
Q

A CNS neurotransmitter that affects attention and emotional states

A

Serotonin

83
Q

A neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect and functions in CNS

A

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

84
Q

Characteristics of neuromodulators

A

• Effects are long term, slow to appear
• Responses involve multiple steps, intermediary compounds
• Affect presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, or
both
• Released alone or with a neurotransmitter

85
Q

Neuromodulators that bind to receptors and activate

enzymes

A

Neuropeptides

86
Q

Neuromodulators in the CNS that bind to the same receptors as opium or morphine and relieve pain

A

Opioids

87
Q

Four Classes of Opioids

A
  1. Endorphins
  2. Enkephalins
  3. Endomorphins
  4. Dynorphins
88
Q

Work through second messengers, and are enzyme complex that bind GTP; they are the link between neurotransmitter (first messenger) and
second messenger and they activate enzyme adenylate cyclase

A

G Proteins

89
Q

Which activated enzyme produces messenger cyclic-AMP (cAMP)?

A

adenylate cyclase

90
Q

Graded potentials developed in a postsynaptic cell in response to neurotransmitters

A

Postsynaptic Potentials

91
Q

Two Types of Postsynaptic Potentials

A
  1. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

2. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

92
Q

Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

93
Q

Graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

94
Q

Two types of summations

A
  1. Temporal summation

2. Spatial summation

95
Q

Type of summation that occurs multiple times as rapid, repeated stimuli at one synapse

A

Temporal Summation

96
Q

Type of summation that occurs in multiple locations and the stimuli arrive at multiple synapses

A

Spatial Summation

97
Q

Action of an axoaxonic synapse at a synaptic terminal
that decreases the neurotransmitter released by
presynaptic membrane

A

Presynaptic inhibition

98
Q

Action of an axoaxonic synapse at a synaptic terminal
that increases the neurotransmitter released by
presynaptic membrane

A

Presynaptic facilitation

99
Q

Can alter either the rate of neurotransmitter release or
the response of a postsynaptic neuron to specific
neurotransmitters

A

Neuromodulators

A&P I - Dr Lian (8 decks)

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