Chapter 14

Question 1

Largest part of brain that controls higher mental functions
and is divided into left and right
cerebral hemispheres

Answer 1

Cerebrum

Question 2

The cerebrum’s surface has a layer of gray or white matter? (neural cortex)

Answer 2

gray matter

Question 3

Second largest part of brain that coordinates repetitive body movements and is covered with
cerebellar cortex

Answer 3

Cerebellum

Question 4

functions of cerebrum

Answer 4

• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
• Memory storage and processing
• Conscious and subconscious regulation
of skeletal muscle contractions

Question 5

functions of cerebellum

Answer 5

• Coordinates complex
somatic motor patterns
• Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

Question 6

Major endocrine gland connected to hypothalamus that interfaces nervous and endocrine systems

Answer 6

Pituitary gland

Question 7

Structure that processes information between spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum

Answer 7

Brain Stem

Question 8

What structures are found near the brain stem?

Answer 8

midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Question 9

Structure that processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes

Answer 9

Midbrain

Question 10

Structure that connects cerebellum to brain stem

Answer 10

pons

Question 11

Structure that regulates autonomic functions, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

Answer 11

Medulla oblongata

Question 12

The origin of brain that was differentiated from neural ectoderm

Answer 12

Neural tube

Question 13

Which arteries deliver blood supply to the brain?

Answer 13

internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

Question 14

Structures that provide physical protection of the brain

Answer 14

• Bones of the cranium
• Cranial meninges
• Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 15

Type of disease that shuts off blood to portion of brain, resulting to the death of neurons

Answer 15

Stroke or 
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Question 16

Formed by special ependymal cells, this structure surrounds capillaries of choroid plexus,
limits movement of compounds transferred, and allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to
differ

Answer 16

Blood–CSF Barrier

Question 17

Function of the blood–brain barrier and blood–CSF barrier

Answer 17

Selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that

might disrupt neural function

Question 18

This protects the brain against sudden movement and provides nutrients and removes wastes

Answer 18

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 19

Centers that control peripheral systems

Answer 19

Reflex centers

Question 20

Reflex center that control blood flow through peripheral tissues

Answer 20

Cardiovascular centers

Question 21

Reflex center that set pace for respiratory movements

Answer 21

Respiratory rhythmicity centers

Question 22

Large, branched cells that are

found in cerebellar cortex and receive input from up to 200,000 synapses

Answer 22

Purkinje cells

Question 23

Highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum where the cerebellar nuclei is embedded; It relays information to Purkinje cells

Answer 23

Arbor vitae

“tree of life”

Question 24

Damage from trauma or stroke

that results to Intoxication (temporary impairment) and disturbance of muscle coordination

Answer 24

`Ataxia

Question 25

Disease signified by detection of abnormal prion | protein

Answer 25

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

Question 26

Eight Functions of the Hypothalamus

Answer 26

1. Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle 2. Controls autonomic function 3. Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems 4. Secretes hormones 5. Produces emotions and behavioral drives (thirst and hunger) 6. Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions 7. Regulates body temperature 8. Controls circadian rhythms (day–night cycles)

Question 27

What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 27

* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – water retention | * Oxytocin (OT; OXT)

Question 28

functional grouping that: • Establishes emotional states • Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions of brain stem • Facilitates memory storage and retrieval

Answer 28

Limbic System

Question 29

Components of the Limbic System in the Diencephalon

Answer 29

- Anterior group of thalamic nuclei - Hypothalamus - Mamillary body

Question 30

Components of the Limbic | System in the Cerebrum

Answer 30

- Cingulate gyrus (superior portion of limbic lobe) - Parahippocampal gyrus (inferior portion of limbic lobe) - Hippocampus

Question 31

Three Functional Principles of the Cerebrum

Answer 31

1. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body 2. The two hemispheres have different functions, although their structures are alike 3. Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise

Question 32

Special sensory cortex that receives information from sight receptors

Answer 32

Visual cortex

Question 33

Special sensory cortex that receives information from sound receptors

Answer 33

Auditory cortex

Question 34

Special sensory cortex that receives information from odor receptors

Answer 34

Olfactory cortex

Question 35

Special sensory cortex that receives information from taste receptors

Answer 35

Gustatory cortex

Question 36

Integrative area that is associated with general interpretive area and coordinates all vocalization functions

Answer 36

Speech center

Question 37

Integrative area that integrates information from sensory association areas and performs abstract intellectual activities (e.g., predicting consequences of actions)

Answer 37

Prefrontal cortex | of frontal lobe

Question 38

left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls:

Answer 38

* Reading, writing, and math * Decision making * Speech and language

Question 39

Right cerebral hemisphere relates to:

Answer 39

* Senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel) | * Recognition (faces, voice inflections)

Question 40

Four Categories of Brain Waves

Answer 40

1. Alpha waves 2. Beta waves 3. Theta waves 4. Delta waves

Question 41

Brain waves found in healthy, awake adults at rest with eyes closed

Answer 41

Alpha Waves

Question 42

Brain waves found in adults concentrating or mentally stressed and has a higher frequency

Answer 42

Beta Waves

Question 43

Brain waves found in children, intensely frustrated adults and may indicate brain disorder in adults

Answer 43

Theta Waves

Question 44

Brain waves found in awake adults with brain damage and during sleep

Answer 44

Delta Waves

Question 45

Is a temporary cerebral disorder that changes the electroencephalogram; Symptoms depend on regions affected

Answer 45

Seizure

Question 46

Optic nerve structure found where sensory fibers converge and cross to opposite side of brain

Answer 46

Optic chiasm

Question 47

Optic nerve structure found leading to lateral geniculate nuclei and are made of reorganized axons

Answer 47

Optic tracts