Chapter 14 Flashcards
Largest part of brain that controls higher mental functions
and is divided into left and right
cerebral hemispheres
Cerebrum
The cerebrum’s surface has a layer of gray or white matter? (neural cortex)
gray matter
Second largest part of brain that coordinates repetitive body movements and is covered with
cerebellar cortex
Cerebellum
functions of cerebrum
• Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions
• Memory storage and processing
• Conscious and subconscious regulation
of skeletal muscle contractions
functions of cerebellum
• Coordinates complex
somatic motor patterns
• Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord
Major endocrine gland connected to hypothalamus that interfaces nervous and endocrine systems
Pituitary gland
Structure that processes information between spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum
Brain Stem
What structures are found near the brain stem?
midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
Structure that processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes
Midbrain
Structure that connects cerebellum to brain stem
pons
Structure that regulates autonomic functions, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion
Medulla oblongata
The origin of brain that was differentiated from neural ectoderm
Neural tube
Which arteries deliver blood supply to the brain?
internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
Structures that provide physical protection of the brain
- Bones of the cranium
- Cranial meninges
- Cerebrospinal fluid
Type of disease that shuts off blood to portion of brain, resulting to the death of neurons
Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Formed by special ependymal cells, this structure surrounds capillaries of choroid plexus,
limits movement of compounds transferred, and allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to
differ
Blood–CSF Barrier
Function of the blood–brain barrier and blood–CSF barrier
Selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that
might disrupt neural function
This protects the brain against sudden movement and provides nutrients and removes wastes
Cerebrospinal fluid
Centers that control peripheral systems
Reflex centers
Reflex center that control blood flow through peripheral tissues
Cardiovascular centers
Reflex center that set pace for respiratory movements
Respiratory rhythmicity centers
Large, branched cells that are
found in cerebellar cortex and receive input from up to 200,000 synapses
Purkinje cells
Highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum where the cerebellar nuclei is embedded; It relays information to Purkinje cells
Arbor vitae
“tree of life”
Damage from trauma or stroke
that results to Intoxication (temporary impairment) and disturbance of muscle coordination
`Ataxia
Disease signified by detection of abnormal prion
protein
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Eight Functions of the Hypothalamus
- Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle
- Controls autonomic function
- Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine
systems - Secretes hormones
- Produces emotions and behavioral drives (thirst and hunger)
- Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
- Regulates body temperature
- Controls circadian rhythms (day–night cycles)
What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – water retention
* Oxytocin (OT; OXT)
functional grouping that:
• Establishes emotional states
• Links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with
autonomic functions of brain stem
• Facilitates memory storage and retrieval
Limbic System
Components of the Limbic System in the Diencephalon
- Anterior group of thalamic nuclei
- Hypothalamus
- Mamillary body
Components of the Limbic
System in the Cerebrum
- Cingulate gyrus (superior portion of limbic lobe)
- Parahippocampal gyrus (inferior portion of limbic lobe)
- Hippocampus
Three Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
- Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory
information from, and sends motor commands to,
the opposite side of the body - The two hemispheres have different functions,
although their structures are alike - Correspondence between a specific function and a
specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise
Special sensory cortex that receives information from sight receptors
Visual cortex
Special sensory cortex that receives information from sound receptors
Auditory cortex
Special sensory cortex that receives information from odor receptors
Olfactory cortex
Special sensory cortex that receives information from taste receptors
Gustatory cortex
Integrative area that is associated with general interpretive area and coordinates all vocalization functions
Speech center
Integrative area that integrates information from sensory association areas and performs abstract intellectual activities (e.g., predicting consequences of actions)
Prefrontal cortex
of frontal lobe
left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls:
- Reading, writing, and math
- Decision making
- Speech and language
Right cerebral hemisphere relates to:
- Senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel)
* Recognition (faces, voice inflections)
Four Categories of Brain Waves
- Alpha waves
- Beta waves
- Theta waves
- Delta waves
Brain waves found in healthy, awake adults at rest with eyes
closed
Alpha Waves
Brain waves found in adults concentrating or mentally stressed and has a higher frequency
Beta Waves
Brain waves found in children, intensely frustrated adults and may indicate brain disorder in adults
Theta Waves
Brain waves found in awake adults with brain damage and during sleep
Delta Waves
Is a temporary cerebral disorder that changes the electroencephalogram;
Symptoms depend on regions affected
Seizure
Optic nerve structure found where sensory fibers converge and cross to opposite side of brain
Optic chiasm
Optic nerve structure found leading to lateral geniculate nuclei and are made of reorganized axons
Optic tracts
