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A&P I - Dr Lian > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

type of cells that are reproductive cells; consist of the male sperm and female oocyte

A

sex cells

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2
Q

all body cells except sex cells

A

somatic cells

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3
Q

comprises of the cytosol and the organelles;

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of
microtubules in
cytoskeleton

A

centrosome and centrioles

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5
Q

Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes and functions in strength and support, and movement of cellular structures and materials

A

cytoskeleton

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6
Q

Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates; Functions in isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, and control of entry
and exit of
materials

A

plasma membrane

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7
Q

Membrane extensions
containing microfilaments which functions to increase surface area to facilitate
absorption of extra-cellular
materials

A

microvilli

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8
Q

Long extensions

containing microtubule doublets in a 9 + 2 array and functions in movement of material over cell surface

A

cilia

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9
Q

Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends; Functions in breakdown and recycling of
damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

A

proteasomes

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10
Q

RNA + proteins;
bound to rough endoplasmic
reticulum or scattered in cytoplasm; functions in protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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11
Q

Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers; functions in storage, alteration, and packaging
of secretory products and
lysosomal enzymes

A

Golgi apparatus

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12
Q

Double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes;
Produce 95% of the ATP
required by the cell

A

mitochondria

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13
Q

Modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins

A

rough ER

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14
Q

Synthesizes lipids and

carbohydrates

A

smooth ER

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15
Q

Vesicles containing
degradative enzymes which functions in catabolism of fats and other organic compounds, neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process

A

peroxisomes

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16
Q

Vesicles containing

digestive enzymes which functions in intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

A

lysosomes

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17
Q 
Nucleoplasm containing
nucleotides, enzymes,
nucleoproteins, and
chromatin; surrounded by a 
double membrane,
the nuclear envelope.
This structure controls metabolism, storages and processes genetic information and controls protein synthesis
A

nucleus

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18
Q

site of rRNA synthesis and
assembly of ribosomal
subunits

A

Nucleolus

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19
Q

A watery medium that surrounds a cell

A

Extracellular Fluid (Interstitial Fluid)

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20
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer made of?

A

Hydrophilic heads and Hydrophobic fatty-acid tails

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21
Q

Membrane protein within the membrane

A

Integral Protein

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22
Q

Membrane protein bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane

A

Peripheral Proteins

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23
Q

Membrane protein that attaches h to inside or outside structures

A

Anchoring Proteins

stabilizers

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24
Q

Membrane protein that label cells as normal or abnormal

A

Recognition Proteins (identifiers)

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25
Q

Membrane proteins that catalyzes reactions

A

Enzymes

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26
Q

Membrane proteins that bind and respond to
ligands
(ions, hormones)

A

Receptor Proteins

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27
Q

Membrane proteins that transport specific solutes through membrane

A

Carrier Proteins

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28
Q

Membrane proteins that regulate water flow and solutes through
membrane

A

Protein Channels

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29
Q

Sticky “sugar coat” that is formed by proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

A

glycocalyx

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30
Q

Functions of the glycocalyx

A 
• Lubrication and Protection
• Anchoring and Locomotion
• Specificity in Binding
(receptors)
• Recognition
(immune response)
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31
Q

Type of organelles that have no membrane and has direct contact with cytosol

A

Nonmembranous organelles

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32
Q

Examples of nonmembranous organelles

A

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes

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33
Q

Type of organelles that are covered with plasma membrane and isolated from cytosol

A

Membranous organelles

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34
Q

Examples of membranous organelles

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, peroxisomes,
and mitochondria

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35
Q

three structural proteins that make up the cytoskeleton

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
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36
Q

thin filaments composed of the protein actin; they provide additional mechanical strength and
Interact with proteins for consistency;
Pair with thick filaments of
myosinfor muscle movement

A

Microfilaments

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37
Q

mid-sized filaments in comparison to microfilaments and thick filaments; they are
durable (collagen) and they
strengthen cell and maintain shape, stabilize organelles and stabilize cell position

A

Intermediate filaments

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38
Q 
large, hollow tubes of 
tubulin
protein that
• Attach to 
centrosome
• Strengthen cell and anchor organelles
• Change cell shape
• Move vesicles within cell (kinesin and dynein)
• Form 
spindle apparatus
A

Microtubules

39
Q

Filaments composed of myosin protein in muscle cells

A

Thick filaments

40
Q

Ribosomes in cytoplams that manufacture proteins for cell

A

Free ribosomes

41
Q

Ribosomes attached to

ER that manufacture proteins for secretion

A

Fixed ribosomes

42
Q

Functions of Smooth ER

A
  • Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
  • Phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes)
  • Steroid hormones (reproductive system)
  • Glycerides (storage in liver and fat cells)
  • Glycogen (storage in muscles)
43
Q

Functions of Rough ER

A

• Active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis
• Folds polypeptide protein structures
• Encloses products in
transport vesicles

44
Q

Type of lysosome formed by Golgi apparatus and inactive enzymes

A

Primary lysosome

45
Q

Lysosome fused with damaged organelle which activates digestive enzymes and isolates toxic chemicals

A

Secondary lysosome

46
Q

Functions of lysosomes

A
  1. Clean up inside cells

2. Autolysis

47
Q

Self-destruction of damaged cells

A

Autolysis

48
Q

Double membrane around the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

49
Q

Space between the two layers of the nuclear envelope

A

Perinuclear space

50
Q

Communication passages in the nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

51
Q

Fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and

some RNA

A

Nucleoplasm

52
Q

Support filaments in the nucleus

A

Nuclear matrix

53
Q

related to protein production and are made of RNA, enzymes, and
histones; they synthesize rRNA and ribosomal subunits

A

Nucleoli

54
Q

DNA coiled around histones

A

Nucleosomes

55
Q

Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)

A

Chromatin

56
Q

Tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)

A

Chromosomes

57
Q

Instructions for every protein in the body

A

DNA

58
Q

DNA instructions for one protein

A

Gene

59
Q

The chemical language of DNA instructions

A

Genetic code

60
Q

Consists of 3 bases that code for 1 amino acid

A

Triplet code

61
Q

Process involving uncoiling of DNA with the use of promoters and terminators

A

Gene activation

62
Q

Process involving copying instructions from DNA to mRNA

A

Transcription

63
Q 
produces
messenger RNA (mRNA)
A

RNA polymerase

64
Q

process by which ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm) and assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain

A

Translation

65
Q

Three steps to transcribe a gene to mRNA

A
  1. Gene activation
  2. DNA to mRNA
  3. RNA processing
66
Q

What happens during gene activation?

A

• Uncoils DNA, removes histones
• Start (promoter) and stop codes on DNA mark
location of gene

67
Q

Strand that codes for protein

A

coding strand

68
Q

strand used by the RNA polymerase molecule

A

Template strand

69
Q

Unnecessary gene codes

A

introns

70
Q

Good genetic codes in mRNA

A

exons

71
Q

Triplet of three nucleotides

A

codon

72
Q

What happens during Translation?

A
  • mRNA moves from the nucleus through a nuclear pore
  • mRNA moves to a ribosome in cytoplasm surrounded by amino acids
  • mRNA binds to ribosomal subunits where tRNA delivers amino acids to mRNA
73
Q

Property that determines what moves in and out of a cell

A

Permeability

74
Q

A membrane that lets nothing in or out is said to be?

A

impermeable

75
Q

A membrane that lets anything pass is said to be?

A

freely permeable

76
Q

A membrane that restricts movement is said to be?

A

selectively permeable

77
Q

Transport requiring energy and ATP

A

Active

78
Q

Transport with no energy required

A

Passive

79
Q

the process in which the solute move from high

and low concentrations

A

Diffusion

80
Q

Factors influencing Diffusion

A
  • Distance
  • Molecule Size
  • Temperature
  • Concentration Gradient
  • Electrical Forces
81
Q

type of diffusion that diffuses lipid soluble compounds and dissolved gases through plasma membrane

A

simple diffusion

82
Q

type of diffusion that diffuses water-soluble compounds and ions through plasma membrane

A

Channel-mediated diffusion

83
Q

the diffusion of water across the cell membrane

A

Osmosis

84
Q

A solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

A

Isotonic

85
Q

Has less solutes and loses water through osmosis

A

Hypotonic

86
Q

Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis

A

Hypertonic

87
Q

Type of carrier-mediated transport where two substances move in the same direction at the
same time

A

Cotransport

88
Q

Type of carrier-mediated transport where one substance moves in while another moves out

A

Countertransport

89
Q

Proteins that move substrates against concentration gradient

A

Active transport proteins

90
Q

Active transport, carrier mediated where sodium ions (Na+) moves out, potassium ions (K+) moves in; 1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2 K

A

Sodium–potassium exchange pump

91
Q

Forms when an abnormal cell grows and divides out of control

A

tumor/neoplasm

92
Q

tumor that do not become invasive

A

benign tumor

93
Q

neoplastic cells of a tumor invade surrounding tissue

A

cancer

94
Q

forms when invasiveness allows the cancer cells to break loose, enter blood or lymphatic vessels

A

secondary tumor (metastases)

A&P I - Dr Lian (8 decks)

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