Chapter 15-16

Question 1

Receptors containing specialized cells that monitor specific conditions and passes information to the CNS when stimulated

Answer 1

Sensory Receptors

Question 2

Deliver somatic and visceral sensory information to their final destinations inside
the CNS using nerves, nuclei and tracts

Answer 2

Sensory Pathways

Question 3

Parts of the Afferent Division of the Nervous System

Answer 3

– Receptors
– Sensory neurons
– Sensory pathways

Question 4

Parts of the Efferent Division of the Nervous System

Answer 4

– Nuclei
– Motor tracts
– Motor neurons

Question 5

Senses that describe our sensitivity to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

Answer 5

General Senses

Question 6

Senses that describe our olfaction, vision, gustation, equlibrium and hearing

Answer 6

Special Senses

Question 7

Receptors that are always active show little peripheral adaptation and are slow-adapting receptors (ex: remind you of an injury long after the initial damage has occurred)

Answer 7

Tonic receptors

Question 8

Receptors that are normally inactive but become active for a short time whenever a change occurs; they provide information about the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus and are fast-adapting receptors

Answer 8

Phasic receptors

Question 9

Four types of General Sensory Receptors

Answer 9

1. Nociceptors (pain)
2. Thermoreceptors (temperature)
3. Mechanoreceptors (physical stimulation)
4. Chemoreceptors (chemical concentration)

Question 10

common sensory receptors that are found in the superficial portions of the skin, joint capsules and around the walls of blood vessels

Answer 10

Nociceptors (Pain Receptors)

Question 11

Two types of axons found in nociceptors

Answer 11

Type A and Type C fibers

Question 12

Also called temperature receptors, these are free nerve endings located in:
• The dermis
• Skeletal muscles
• The liver
• The hypothalamus
They are conducted along the same pathways that carry pain
sensations

Answer 12

Thermoreceptors

Question 13

Sensory receptors that are sensitive to stimuli that distort their plasma membranes and contain mechanically gated ion channels whose gates open or close in response to stretching, compression, twisting and other distortions

Answer 13

Mechanoreceptors

Question 14

Three Classes of Mechanoreceptors

Answer 14

Tactile receptors
Baroreceptors
Proprioceptors

Question 15

Type of receptor that provide the sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration

Answer 15

Tactile receptors

Question 16

Type of receptor that detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts

Answer 16

Baroreceptors

Question 17

Type of receptor that monitor the positions of joints and muscles and are the most structurally and functionally complex of general sensory receptors

Answer 17

Proprioceptors

Question 18

Sensory receptors that respond to water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances dissolved in surrounding fluid and exhibit peripheral adaptation over
period of seconds; they monitor pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels in blood

Answer 18

Chemoreceptors

Question 19

Sensory pathway that provides conscious sensations of poorly localized (“crude”) touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Answer 19

The Spinothalamic Pathway

Question 20

Sensory pathway that carries sensations of highly localized (“fine”) touch,
pressure, vibration, and proprioception

Answer 20

Posterior Column Pathway

Question 21

Sensory pathway where cerebellum receives proprioceptive information about position of skeletal muscles, tendons and joints

Answer 21

The Spinocerebellar Pathway

Question 22

Three integrated motor pathways

Answer 22

1. Corticospinal pathway (voluntary muscular control)
2. Medial pathway (trunk and proximal limb muscles)
3. Lateral pathway (distal limb muscles precise moves)

Question 23

Reflexes that provide rapid,

involuntary, preprogrammed responses that preserve homeostasis over short term

Answer 23

Spinal and cranial reflexes

Question 24

Reflexes that control the most basic motor activities

Answer 24

Cranial and spinal reflexes

Question 25

Functions of the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Answer 25

– Operates under conscious control – Seldom affects long-term survival – SNS controls skeletal muscles

Question 26

Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Answer 26

– Operates without conscious instruction – ANS controls visceral (organ) effectors – Coordinates system functions (Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive)

Question 27

What are the visceral motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord known as?

Answer 27

preganglionic neurons

Question 28

two divisions of ANS

Answer 28

1. Sympathetic division | 2. Parasympathetic division

Question 29

Division that increases alertness, metabolic rate, and muscular abilities; metabolic rate and promotes digestion

Answer 29

Sympathetic division

Question 30

Division that reduces metabolic rate, promotes digestion, and controls during resting conditions

Answer 30

Parasympathetic division

Question 31

Describe the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic division

Answer 31

1. Have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition 2. The two divisions may also work independently • Only one division innervates some structures 3. The two divisions may work together, with each controlling one stage of a complex process

Question 32

Seven Responses to Increased | Sympathetic Activity

Answer 32

1. Heightened mental alertness 2. Increased metabolic rate 3. Reduced digestive and urinary functions 4. Energy reserves activated 5. Increased respiratory rate and respiratory passageways dilate 6. Increased heart rate and blood pressure 7. Sweat glands activated

Question 33

Five Responses to Increased | Parasympathetic Activity

Answer 33

1. Decreased metabolic rate 2. Decreased heart rate and blood pressure 3. Increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands 4. Increased motility and blood flow in digestive tract 5. Urination and defecation stimulation

Question 34

Cells that secrete neurotransmitters epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 34

Neuroendocrine cells

Question 35

Release neurotransmitters at specific organs

Answer 35

Ganglionic Neurons

Question 36

Release nitric oxide (NO) as neurotransmitter causing neurons to innervate smooth muscles in walls of blood vessels in skeletal muscles and the brain and produce vasodilation and increased blood flow

Answer 36

Nitroxidergic synapses

Question 37

What happens when the Sympathetic Preganglionic | Neurons are stimulated?

Answer 37

– Releases ACh at synapses with ganglionic neurons – Excitatory effect on ganglionic neurons

Question 38

Major Effects of Parasympathetic Division

Answer 38

– Constriction of the pupils – Secretion by digestive glands – Secretion of hormones – Increase in smooth muscle activity – Stimulation and coordination of defecation – Contraction of the urinary bladder during urination – Constriction of the respiratory passageways – Reduction in heart rate and in the force of contraction

Question 39

Effect of the Parasympathetic division on heart function

Answer 39

Acetylcholine released by postganglionic fibers slows heart rate

Question 40

Effect of the Sympathetic division on heart function

Answer 40

NE released by varicosities accelerates heart rate

Question 41

Memories that are specific bits of information

Answer 41

Fact memories

Question 42

Memories that learned motor behaviors and are incorporated at unconscious level with repetition

Answer 42

Skill memories

Question 43

Memories that are that can be recalled immediately and contain small bits of information; these are also known as primary memories

Answer 43

Short-term memories

Question 44

conversion from shortterm | to long-term memory

Answer 44

Memory consolidation

Question 45

Two types of long-term memory

Answer 45

1. Secondary memories fade and require effort to recall 2. Tertiary memories are with you for life

Question 46

Receptors linked to consolidation that are activated by neurotransmitter glutamate

Answer 46

NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) Receptors

Question 47

Disease caused by Destruction of ACh-secreting and GABAsecreting neurons in basal nuclei and results to difficulty controlling movements and gradual decline of intellectual abilities

Answer 47

Huntington’s Disease

Question 48

Powerful hallucinogenic drug that activates serotonin receptors in brain stem, hypothalamus, and limbic system

Answer 48

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

Question 49

Disease caused by inadequate dopamine production which causes motor problems

Answer 49

Parkinson’s Disease