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A&P I - Dr Lian > Chapter 15-16 > Flashcards

Chapter 15-16 Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors containing specialized cells that monitor specific conditions and passes information to the CNS when stimulated

A

Sensory Receptors

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2
Q

Deliver somatic and visceral sensory information to their final destinations inside
the CNS using nerves, nuclei and tracts

A

Sensory Pathways

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3
Q

Parts of the Afferent Division of the Nervous System

A

– Receptors
– Sensory neurons
– Sensory pathways

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4
Q

Parts of the Efferent Division of the Nervous System

A

– Nuclei
– Motor tracts
– Motor neurons

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5
Q

Senses that describe our sensitivity to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

A

General Senses

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6
Q

Senses that describe our olfaction, vision, gustation, equlibrium and hearing

A

Special Senses

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7
Q

Receptors that are always active show little peripheral adaptation and are slow-adapting receptors (ex: remind you of an injury long after the initial damage has occurred)

A

Tonic receptors

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8
Q

Receptors that are normally inactive but become active for a short time whenever a change occurs; they provide information about the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus and are fast-adapting receptors

A

Phasic receptors

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9
Q

Four types of General Sensory Receptors

A
  1. Nociceptors (pain)
  2. Thermoreceptors (temperature)
  3. Mechanoreceptors (physical stimulation)
  4. Chemoreceptors (chemical concentration)
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10
Q

common sensory receptors that are found in the superficial portions of the skin, joint capsules and around the walls of blood vessels

A

Nociceptors (Pain Receptors)

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11
Q

Two types of axons found in nociceptors

A

Type A and Type C fibers

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12
Q

Also called temperature receptors, these are free nerve endings located in:
• The dermis
• Skeletal muscles
• The liver
• The hypothalamus
They are conducted along the same pathways that carry pain
sensations

A

Thermoreceptors

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13
Q

Sensory receptors that are sensitive to stimuli that distort their plasma membranes and contain mechanically gated ion channels whose gates open or close in response to stretching, compression, twisting and other distortions

A

Mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

Three Classes of Mechanoreceptors

A

Tactile receptors
Baroreceptors
Proprioceptors

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15
Q

Type of receptor that provide the sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration

A

Tactile receptors

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16
Q

Type of receptor that detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts

A

Baroreceptors

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17
Q

Type of receptor that monitor the positions of joints and muscles and are the most structurally and functionally complex of general sensory receptors

A

Proprioceptors

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18
Q

Sensory receptors that respond to water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances dissolved in surrounding fluid and exhibit peripheral adaptation over
period of seconds; they monitor pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels in blood

A

Chemoreceptors

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19
Q

Sensory pathway that provides conscious sensations of poorly localized (“crude”) touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

A

The Spinothalamic Pathway

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20
Q

Sensory pathway that carries sensations of highly localized (“fine”) touch,
pressure, vibration, and proprioception

A

Posterior Column Pathway

21
Q

Sensory pathway where cerebellum receives proprioceptive information about position of skeletal muscles, tendons and joints

A

The Spinocerebellar Pathway

22
Q

Three integrated motor pathways

A
  1. Corticospinal pathway (voluntary muscular control)
  2. Medial pathway (trunk and proximal limb muscles)
  3. Lateral pathway (distal limb muscles precise moves)
23
Q

Reflexes that provide rapid,

involuntary, preprogrammed responses that preserve homeostasis over short term

A

Spinal and cranial reflexes

24
Q

Reflexes that control the most basic motor activities

A

Cranial and spinal reflexes

25
Q

Functions of the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

– Operates under conscious control
– Seldom affects long-term survival
– SNS controls skeletal muscles

26
Q

Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

– Operates without conscious instruction
– ANS controls visceral (organ) effectors
– Coordinates system functions
(Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive)

27
Q

What are the visceral motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord known as?

A

preganglionic neurons

28
Q

two divisions of ANS

A
  1. Sympathetic division

2. Parasympathetic division

29
Q

Division that increases alertness, metabolic rate, and muscular abilities; metabolic rate and promotes digestion

A

Sympathetic division

30
Q

Division that reduces metabolic rate, promotes digestion, and controls during resting conditions

A

Parasympathetic division

31
Q

Describe the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic division

A
  1. Have opposing effects
    • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the
    parasympathetic causes inhibition
  2. The two divisions may also work independently
    • Only one division innervates some structures
  3. The two divisions may work together, with each controlling one stage of a complex process
32
Q

Seven Responses to Increased

Sympathetic Activity

A
  1. Heightened mental alertness
  2. Increased metabolic rate
  3. Reduced digestive and urinary functions
  4. Energy reserves activated
  5. Increased respiratory rate and respiratory
    passageways dilate
  6. Increased heart rate and blood pressure
  7. Sweat glands activated
33
Q

Five Responses to Increased

Parasympathetic Activity

A
  1. Decreased metabolic rate
  2. Decreased heart rate and blood pressure
  3. Increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands
  4. Increased motility and blood flow in digestive tract
  5. Urination and defecation stimulation
34
Q

Cells that secrete neurotransmitters epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE)

A

Neuroendocrine cells

35
Q

Release neurotransmitters at specific organs

A

Ganglionic Neurons

36
Q

Release nitric oxide (NO) as neurotransmitter causing neurons to innervate smooth muscles in walls of
blood vessels in skeletal muscles and the brain and produce vasodilation and increased blood flow

A

Nitroxidergic synapses

37
Q

What happens when the Sympathetic Preganglionic

Neurons are stimulated?

A

– Releases ACh at synapses with ganglionic
neurons
– Excitatory effect on ganglionic neurons

38
Q

Major Effects of Parasympathetic Division

A

– Constriction of the pupils
– Secretion by digestive glands
– Secretion of hormones
– Increase in smooth muscle activity
– Stimulation and coordination of defecation
– Contraction of the urinary bladder during urination
– Constriction of the respiratory passageways
– Reduction in heart rate and in the force of contraction

39
Q

Effect of the Parasympathetic division on heart function

A

Acetylcholine released by postganglionic fibers slows heart rate

40
Q

Effect of the Sympathetic division on heart function

A

NE released by varicosities accelerates heart rate

41
Q

Memories that are specific bits of information

A

Fact memories

42
Q

Memories that learned motor behaviors and are incorporated at unconscious level with repetition

A

Skill memories

43
Q

Memories that are that can be recalled immediately and contain small bits of information; these are also known as primary memories

A

Short-term memories

44
Q

conversion from shortterm

to long-term memory

A

Memory consolidation

45
Q

Two types of long-term memory

A
  1. Secondary memories fade and require effort to
    recall
  2. Tertiary memories are with you for life
46
Q

Receptors linked to consolidation that are activated by neurotransmitter glutamate

A

NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) Receptors

47
Q

Disease caused by Destruction of ACh-secreting and GABAsecreting neurons in basal nuclei and results to difficulty controlling movements and gradual decline of intellectual abilities

A

Huntington’s Disease

48
Q

Powerful hallucinogenic drug that activates serotonin receptors in brain stem,
hypothalamus, and limbic system

A

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

49
Q

Disease caused by inadequate dopamine production which causes motor problems

A

Parkinson’s Disease

A&P I - Dr Lian (8 decks)

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