Chapter 5

Question 1

What causes the decrease of speed and efficiency of tissue repair with age?

Answer 1

Caused by:
• Slower rate of energy consumption (metabolism)
• Hormonal alterations
• Reduced physical activity

Question 2

the largest system of the body

Answer 2

Integument

Question 3

Two parts that make up the itegument

Answer 3

1. Cutaneous membrane
   (skin)
2. Accessory structures

Question 4

Two components of the cutaneous membrane

Answer 4

Outer epidermis and inner dermis

Question 5

Structures that originate in the dermis and extend through the epidermis to skin surface

Answer 5

Accessory Structures

Question 6

Consists of loose connective tissue and found below the dermis

Answer 6

Hypodermis
(Superficial Fascia or
Subcutaneous
Layer)

Question 7

What are the functions of skin?

Answer 7

• Protection of underlying tissues and organs
• Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
• Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and
evaporation)
• Production of melanin
• Production of keratin
• Synthesis of vitamin D3
• Storage of lipids
• Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Question 8

avascular stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 8

Epidermis

Question 9

Contain large amounts of keratin and are the most abundant cells in the epidermis

Answer 9

Keratinocytes

Question 10

Covers most of the body and has four layers of keratinocytes

Answer 10

Thin Skin

Question 11

Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

and has five layers of keratinocytes

Answer 11

Thick Skin

Question 12

What are the five

strata of keratinocytes in thick skin?

Answer 12

1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum

Question 13

Stratum that is attached to basement membrane by

hemidesmosomes (junctional anchoring proteins) and forms epidermal ridges; it has many basal or germinative cells

Answer 13

Stratum Basale

Question 14

Function to increasethe area of basement membrane and strengthen the attachment between epidermis and dermis

Answer 14

Dermal papillae

Question 15

Specialized cell of stratum basale that are found in hairless skin and respond to touch

Answer 15

Merkel cells

Question 16

Specialized cell of stratum basale that contain the pigment melanin and are scattered throughout stratum basale

Answer 16

Melanocytes

Question 17

Stratum that is produced by division of stratum basale and has eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by
desmosomes; their cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out

Answer 17

Stratum Spinosum

— the “spiny layer”

Question 18

What cells are present in stratum spinosum that are active in immune response?

Answer 18

dendritic (antigen presenting) cells

Question 19

Stratum that stops dividing, and starts producing keratin and keratohyalin

Answer 19

Stratum Granulosum

— the “grainy layer”

Question 20

A tough, fibrous protein that makes up hair and nails

Answer 20

Keratin

Question 21

Dense granules that cross-link keratin fibers

Answer 21

Keratohyalin

Question 22

Stratum that is found only in thick skin and covers stratum granulosum

Answer 22

Stratum Lucidum

— the “clear layer”

Question 23

Stratum that is the exposed surface of skin and has

15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells; it is water resistant and sheds and is replaced every 2 weeks

Answer 23

Stratum Corneum

— the “horn layer”

Question 24

This is the formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin that occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes

Answer 24

Keratinization

Question 25

Type of perspiration where the interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

Answer 25

Insensible perspiration

Question 26

Type of perspiration where water is excreted by sweat glands

Answer 26

Sensible perspiration

Question 27

Where does dehydration results from?

Answer 27

• From damage to stratum corneum (e.g., burns and blisters [insensible perspiration]) • From immersion in hypertonic solution (e.g., seawater [osmosis])

Question 28

Where does hydration results from?

Answer 28

Results from immersion in hypotonic solution (e.g., | freshwater [osmosis]) which causes swelling of epithelial cells

Question 29

Pigments that influence skin color

Answer 29

1. Carotene | 2. Melanin

Question 30

Orange-yellow pigment that is found in orange vegetables and accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis; it can be converted to vitamin A

Answer 30

Carotene

Question 31

Yellow-brown or black pigment that are produced by melanocytes in stratum basale; they are stored in transport vesicles ( melanosomes and are transferred to keratinocytes

Answer 31

Melanin

Question 32

What is the function of melanocytes?

Answer 32

Produces melanin which protects skin from sun damage/UV radiation

Question 33

How does oxygenated blood contribute to skin color?

Answer 33

* Blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens | * Blood flow decreases, skin pales

Question 34

Bluish skin tint caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation

Answer 34

Cyanosis

Question 35

Illness caused by buildup of bile produced by liver and produces a yellow skin color

Answer 35

Jaundice

Question 36

Illness caused by the Excess Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Answer 36

Pituitary tumor

Question 37

A disease of the pituitary gland (insufficient ster | oid hormones) that causes skin darkening and other nonspecific symptoms

Answer 37

Addison’s disease

Question 38

Disease caused by loss of melanocytes, resulting to loss of color

Answer 38

Vitiligo

Question 39

Illness caused by insufficient vitamin D3

Answer 39

rickets

Question 40

Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into what?

Answer 40

calcitriol

Question 41

Function of calcitriol

Answer 41

Aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Question 42

Powerful peptide growth factor that produced by glands (salivary and duodenum); they are used in laboratories to grow skin grafts

Answer 42

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

Question 43

Functions of EGF

Answer 43

* Promotes division of germinative cells * Accelerates keratin production * Stimulates epidermal repair * Stimulates glandular secretion

Question 44

Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer and anchors epidermal accessory structures

Answer 44

Dermis

Question 45

two components of the dermis

Answer 45

1. Outer papillary layer | 2. Deep reticular layer

Question 46

Layer that consists of areolar tissue and contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons; it has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

Answer 46

Papillary Layer

Question 47

Layer that consists of dense irregular connective tissue and contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, collagen and elastic fibers and connective tissue proper

Answer 47

Reticular Layer

Question 48

``` An inflammation of the papillary layer caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy); it is characterized by itch or pain ```

Answer 48

Dermatitis

Question 49

Two types of fibers in the dermis that permit strength and elasticity

Answer 49

Collagen fibers and elastic fibers

Question 50

Fibers that are very strong, resist stretching but bend easily and provide flexibility

Answer 50

Collagen fibers

Question 51

Fibers that permit stretching and then recoil to original length and limit the flexibility of collagen fibers to prevent damage to tissue

Answer 51

Elastic fibers

Question 52

A network of arteries along the reticular layer

Answer 52

Cutaneous plexus

Question 53

Capillary network from small arteries in papillary | layer

Answer 53

Papillary plexus

Question 54

Capillary return deep to the papillary plexus

Answer 54

Venous plexus

Question 55

Damage to blood vessels resulting in “black-and-blue” bruising

Answer 55

Contusion

Question 56

Where are the tactile corpuscles located at?

Answer 56

dermal papillae

Question 57

Where are the | lamellated corpuscles located at?

Answer 57

reticular layer

Question 58

Layer that lies below the integument stabilizes the skin and allows separate movement; it is made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues

Answer 58

Hypodermis | Subcutaneous Layer

Question 59

The human body is covered with hair, | except for which areas?

Answer 59

* Palms * Soles * Lips * Portions of external genitalia

Question 60

Functions of hair

Answer 60

* Protects and insulates | * Guards openings against particles and insects

Question 61

Located deep in dermis and produces nonliving hairs; they are wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath where the base is surrounded by sensory nerves

Answer 61

Hair Follicle

Question 62

Lower part of the hair that is attached to the integument

Answer 62

Hair root

Question 63

Upper part of the hair that is | not attached to the integument

Answer 63

Hair shaft

Question 64

produces hair matrix

Answer 64

hair bulb

Question 65

A layer of dividing basal cells that produces hair structure and pushes hair up and out of skin

Answer 65

hair matrix

Question 66

The central core of the hair shaft

Answer 66

Medulla

Question 67

The middle layer of the hair shaft

Answer 67

Cortex

Question 68

The surface layer of the hair shaft

Answer 68

Cuticle

Question 69

Medulla contains flexible | ________ keratin while cortex and cuticle contain __________ keratin

Answer 69

soft, stiff hard

Question 70

Type of hair that is soft, fine | and covers body surface

Answer 70

Vellus hairs

Question 71

Type of hair that is heavy and pigmented and found in head, eyebrows, and eyelashes

Answer 71

Terminal hairs

Question 72

Holocrine glands that secrete sebum

Answer 72

Sebaceous Glands | oil glands

Question 73

Two types of sweat glands

Answer 73

1. Apocrine glands | 2. Merocrine (eccrine) glands

Question 74

Sweat glands found in armpits, around nipples, and groin; they secrete products into hair follicles and produce sticky, cloudy secretions; they break down and cause odors

Answer 74

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 75

cells that surround the apocrine gland and squeeze apocrine gland secretions onto skin surface

Answer 75

myoepithelial cells

Question 76

Sweat glands Widely distributed on body surface especially on palms and soles; they are coiled, tubular glands that discharge directly onto skin surface; produces sensible perspiration

Answer 76

Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands

Question 77

Functions of merocrine sweat gland activity

Answer 77

* Cools skin * Excretes water and electrolytes * Flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin

Question 78

integumentary gland that produce milk

Answer 78

Mammary glands

Question 79

integumentary gland that produce cerumen (earwax)

Answer 79

Ceruminous glands

Question 80

Nervous system that controls sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands and works simultaneously over entire body

Answer 80

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 81

What is the main function of sensible perspiration?

Answer 81

Thermoregulation

Question 82

Structure that is made of dead cells packed with keratin and protect fingers and toes

Answer 82

Nails

Question 83

Where does nail production occurs?

Answer 83

nail root

Question 84

The visible portion of the nail that covers the | nail bed

Answer 84

Nail body

Question 85

The pale crescent at the base of the nail

Answer 85

Lunula

Question 86

How is the integument repaired following an injury?

Answer 86

* Bleeding occurs * Mast cells trigger inflammatory response * A scab stabilizes and protects the area * Germinative cells migrate around the wound * Macrophages clean the area * Fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in, producing granulation tissue

Question 87

Which cells produce scar tissue?

Answer 87

Fibroblasts