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A&P I - Dr Lian > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes the decrease of speed and efficiency of tissue repair with age?

A

Caused by:
• Slower rate of energy consumption (metabolism)
• Hormonal alterations
• Reduced physical activity

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2
Q

the largest system of the body

A

Integument

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3
Q

Two parts that make up the itegument

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane
    (skin)
  2. Accessory structures
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4
Q

Two components of the cutaneous membrane

A

Outer epidermis and inner dermis

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5
Q

Structures that originate in the dermis and extend through the epidermis to skin surface

A

Accessory Structures

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6
Q

Consists of loose connective tissue and found below the dermis

A

Hypodermis
(Superficial Fascia or
Subcutaneous
Layer)

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7
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A

• Protection of underlying tissues and organs
• Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
• Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and
evaporation)
• Production of melanin
• Production of keratin
• Synthesis of vitamin D3
• Storage of lipids
• Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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8
Q

avascular stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

Contain large amounts of keratin and are the most abundant cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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10
Q

Covers most of the body and has four layers of keratinocytes

A

Thin Skin

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11
Q

Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

and has five layers of keratinocytes

A

Thick Skin

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12
Q

What are the five

strata of keratinocytes in thick skin?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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13
Q

Stratum that is attached to basement membrane by

hemidesmosomes (junctional anchoring proteins) and forms epidermal ridges; it has many basal or germinative cells

A

Stratum Basale

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14
Q

Function to increasethe area of basement membrane and strengthen the attachment between epidermis and dermis

A

Dermal papillae

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15
Q

Specialized cell of stratum basale that are found in hairless skin and respond to touch

A

Merkel cells

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16
Q

Specialized cell of stratum basale that contain the pigment melanin and are scattered throughout stratum basale

A

Melanocytes

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17
Q

Stratum that is produced by division of stratum basale and has eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by
desmosomes; their cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out

A

Stratum Spinosum

— the “spiny layer”

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18
Q

What cells are present in stratum spinosum that are active in immune response?

A

dendritic (antigen presenting) cells

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19
Q

Stratum that stops dividing, and starts producing keratin and keratohyalin

A

Stratum Granulosum

— the “grainy layer”

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20
Q

A tough, fibrous protein that makes up hair and nails

A

Keratin

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21
Q

Dense granules that cross-link keratin fibers

A

Keratohyalin

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22
Q

Stratum that is found only in thick skin and covers stratum granulosum

A

Stratum Lucidum

— the “clear layer”

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23
Q

Stratum that is the exposed surface of skin and has

15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells; it is water resistant and sheds and is replaced every 2 weeks

A

Stratum Corneum

— the “horn layer”

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24
Q

This is the formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin that occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes

A

Keratinization

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25
Q

Type of perspiration where the interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

A

Insensible perspiration

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26
Q

Type of perspiration where water is excreted by sweat glands

A

Sensible perspiration

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27
Q

Where does dehydration results from?

A

• From damage to stratum corneum (e.g., burns and
blisters
[insensible perspiration])
• From immersion in hypertonic solution (e.g.,
seawater [osmosis])

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28
Q

Where does hydration results from?

A

Results from immersion in hypotonic solution (e.g.,

freshwater [osmosis]) which causes swelling of epithelial cells

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29
Q

Pigments that influence skin color

A
  1. Carotene

2. Melanin

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30
Q

Orange-yellow pigment that is found in orange vegetables and accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the
dermis; it can be converted to vitamin A

A

Carotene

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31
Q

Yellow-brown or black pigment that are produced by melanocytes in stratum basale; they are stored in transport vesicles (
melanosomes and are transferred to keratinocytes

A

Melanin

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32
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Produces melanin which protects skin from sun damage/UV radiation

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33
Q

How does oxygenated blood contribute to skin color?

A
  • Blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens

* Blood flow decreases, skin pales

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34
Q

Bluish skin tint caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation

A

Cyanosis

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35
Q

Illness caused by buildup of bile produced by liver and produces a yellow skin color

A

Jaundice

36
Q

Illness caused by the Excess Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A

Pituitary tumor

37
Q

A disease of the pituitary gland (insufficient ster

oid hormones) that causes skin darkening and other nonspecific symptoms

A

Addison’s disease

38
Q

Disease caused by loss of melanocytes, resulting to loss of color

A

Vitiligo

39
Q

Illness caused by insufficient vitamin D3

A

rickets

40
Q

Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into what?

A

calcitriol

41
Q

Function of calcitriol

A

Aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus

42
Q

Powerful peptide growth factor that produced by glands (salivary and duodenum); they are used in laboratories to grow skin grafts

A

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

43
Q

Functions of EGF

A
  • Promotes division of germinative cells
  • Accelerates keratin production
  • Stimulates epidermal repair
  • Stimulates glandular secretion
44
Q

Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer and anchors epidermal accessory structures

A

Dermis

45
Q

two components of the dermis

A
  1. Outer papillary layer

2. Deep reticular layer

46
Q

Layer that consists of areolar tissue and contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons; it has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

A

Papillary Layer

47
Q

Layer that consists of dense irregular connective tissue and contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
nerve fibers, collagen and elastic fibers and connective tissue proper

A

Reticular Layer

48
Q 
An inflammation of the papillary layer caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, 
or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy); it is characterized by itch or pain
A

Dermatitis

49
Q

Two types of fibers in the dermis that permit strength and elasticity

A

Collagen fibers and elastic fibers

50
Q

Fibers that are very strong, resist stretching but bend easily and provide flexibility

A

Collagen fibers

51
Q

Fibers that permit stretching and then recoil to original length and
limit the flexibility of collagen fibers to prevent damage to tissue

A

Elastic fibers

52
Q

A network of arteries along the reticular layer

A

Cutaneous plexus

53
Q

Capillary network from small arteries in papillary

layer

A

Papillary plexus

54
Q

Capillary return deep to the papillary plexus

A

Venous plexus

55
Q

Damage to blood vessels resulting in “black-and-blue” bruising

A

Contusion

56
Q

Where are the tactile corpuscles located at?

A

dermal papillae

57
Q

Where are the

lamellated corpuscles located at?

A

reticular layer

58
Q

Layer that lies below the integument stabilizes the skin and allows separate movement; it is made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues

A

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous Layer

59
Q

The human body is covered with hair,

except for which areas?

A
  • Palms
  • Soles
  • Lips
  • Portions of external genitalia
60
Q

Functions of hair

A
  • Protects and insulates

* Guards openings against particles and insects

61
Q

Located deep in dermis and
produces nonliving hairs; they are wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath where the base is surrounded by sensory nerves

A

Hair Follicle

62
Q

Lower part of the hair that is attached to the integument

A

Hair root

63
Q

Upper part of the hair that is

not attached to the integument

A

Hair shaft

64
Q

produces hair matrix

A

hair bulb

65
Q

A layer of dividing basal cells that produces hair structure and pushes hair up and out of skin

A

hair matrix

66
Q

The central core of the hair shaft

A

Medulla

67
Q

The middle layer of the hair shaft

A

Cortex

68
Q

The surface layer of the hair shaft

A

Cuticle

69
Q

Medulla contains flexible

________ keratin while cortex and cuticle contain __________ keratin

A

soft, stiff hard

70
Q

Type of hair that is soft, fine

and covers body surface

A

Vellus hairs

71
Q

Type of hair that is heavy and pigmented and found in head, eyebrows, and eyelashes

A

Terminal hairs

72
Q

Holocrine glands that secrete sebum

A

Sebaceous Glands

oil glands

73
Q

Two types of sweat glands

A
  1. Apocrine glands

2. Merocrine (eccrine) glands

74
Q

Sweat glands found in armpits, around nipples, and groin; they secrete products into hair follicles and produce sticky, cloudy secretions; they break down and cause odors

A

Apocrine sweat glands

75
Q

cells that surround the apocrine gland and squeeze apocrine gland secretions onto skin surface

A

myoepithelial cells

76
Q

Sweat glands Widely distributed on body surface especially on palms and soles; they are coiled, tubular glands that discharge directly onto skin surface; produces sensible perspiration

A

Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands

77
Q

Functions of merocrine sweat gland activity

A
  • Cools skin
  • Excretes water and electrolytes
  • Flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin
78
Q

integumentary gland that produce milk

A

Mammary glands

79
Q

integumentary gland that produce cerumen (earwax)

A

Ceruminous glands

80
Q

Nervous system that controls sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands and
works simultaneously over entire body

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

81
Q

What is the main function of sensible perspiration?

A

Thermoregulation

82
Q

Structure that is made of dead cells packed with keratin and protect fingers and toes

A

Nails

83
Q

Where does nail production occurs?

A

nail root

84
Q

The visible portion of the nail that covers the

nail bed

A

Nail body

85
Q

The pale crescent at the base of the nail

A

Lunula

86
Q

How is the integument repaired following an injury?

A
  • Bleeding occurs
  • Mast cells trigger inflammatory response
  • A scab stabilizes and protects the area
  • Germinative cells migrate around the wound
  • Macrophages clean the area
  • Fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in, producing granulation tissue
87
Q

Which cells produce scar tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

A&P I - Dr Lian (8 decks)

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