CHAPTER 6 Flashcards by Mitchell Qually

Who exactly are the Métis?

One of the “aboriginal peoples of Canada”

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Section 35 reads as follows

○ The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the
aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed;
○ In this Act, “aboriginal peoples of Canada” includes the Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada

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Others insist that the definition be expanded to

include Métis from B.C. and Newfoundland-Labrador

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The Métis are often presented as a western people who originated in

Manitoba’s Red River region

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Embracing a bureaucratic definition undermines

the historic Métis nation

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Métis as generally understood by most Canadians in
this sense is not the way the Métis

see themselves

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The French monarch encouraged French settlers to

marry Indigenous women, to expand the colonies

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Indigenous kinship systems promoted

intermarriage

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Indigenous kinship systems promoted intermarriage
■This helped foster

economic networks and community-based affiliations

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It is estimated that only ? Michif speakers remain
in North America

650

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The Battle of Seven Oaks (1816) is identified by
many as the moment the Métis nation

was born

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the metis Embraced a diversified economy of

farming, hunting,
fishing, and trapping

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The June hunt helped pay off

HBC debts

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The HBC withdrawal

led to Métis economic strength

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The mix of political ideologies and cultural
backgrounds soon proved

difficult to surmount

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When did the Métis form a provisional government?

February 1870

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Who did Louis Riel send to Ottawa to negotiate the region’s entry into Confederation?

Three delegates

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What was the outcome of the Manitoba Act of 1870?

It created the Province of Manitoba and offered insights into Métis nationalism.

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What did the Manitoba Act, 1870, provide for in terms of land?

-Crown protection of settled/related common lands

-1.4 million acres of land to ensure the perpetuation of Métis communities in Manitoba

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What was the most harmful aspect of the scrip process for the Métis?

The failure of the scrip process.

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What is a scrip?

A promissory note that could be exchanged for money or the same value in land.

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What were common issues with the scrip process?

Discrimination and government fraud.

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How much scrip were family heads allocated?

$160 in the form of scrip.

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How much land were Métis children issued under the scrip process?

240 acres.

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What was the consequence of the scrip process for the Métis?

It led to settler dispossession of the Métis.

Where did thousands of Métis migrate to?

Northern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana.

Was the transition from traditional Métis life easy?

No, it was difficult.

What was happening to bison on the prairies?

Bison were declining.

What was the influence of the Treaty Process on the Métis?

The Treaty Process had a significant influence on the Métis' situation.

What was the Settler Western Movement?

A movement that led to the expansion of settlers into western Canada, impacting the Métis.

When did Louis Riel return from exile to press the Métis cause?

In 1884.

What did Louis Riel do when he returned in 1884?

He and his supporters prepared a petition and declared a provisional Métis government.

What was included in the ten-point Bill of Rights presented by Riel in 1885?

The central point was the recognition of the Métis Nation.

What happened when the Métis tried to confront Canadian and territorial officials in 1885?

It led to several battles, including the Battle of Batoche.

When was the Battle of Batoche?

May 9 – 15, 1885.

What was the result of the resistance by the Métis in 1885?

Resistance ended, and most Métis and Native leaders were arrested.

What happened to Louis Riel after the 1885 resistance?

He was tried for high treason and hanged along with 11 other participants.

What did the defeat in 1885 lead to for the Métis?

It led to a Métis diaspora into Canada’s western and northern reaches.

What happened to the Métis after the defeat of 1885?

They were left destitute by the federal government and abandoned to secure their own future.

What did some Métis do after the defeat of 1885?

Some joined Cree, Ojibwa, and Dene communities.

What was the fate of the St-Paul-de-Métis farm colony?

It failed.

What was more common for the Métis after the 1885 defeat?

Life in tents on road allowances.

What did the Métis do after decades of government inaction?

They formed a regional political organization called the Métis Association of Alberta (MAA).

What did the Métis Association of Alberta do in 1932?

It presented a 500-name petition demanding better community services from the Alberta government.

Who were key figures in the Métis Association of Alberta?

Malcolm Norris and James Brady.

What did the MAA members establish?

A network of locals responsible for reporting to the central executive.

What did the MAA do to gain support?

Brady, Norris, and the MAA executive traveled extensively seeking MLA and MP support.

By 1933, how many members did the Métis Association of Alberta have?

1,200 members.

What did the MAA do in 1933?

They drafted a governing constitution.

What did the MMA pressure Alberta to establish?

The Ewing Commission to investigate Métis social conditions.

What was the outcome of the Ewing Commission proceedings?

Little came of the proceedings, but recommendations were implemented in the Métis Betterment Act (1938).

What did the Métis Betterment Act of 1938 establish?

Farm colonies on Crown land.

How were the farm colonies governed?

They were governed by elected advisory boards.

Who oversaw the farm colonies?

Provincially appointed settlement supervisors.

What happened to the cooperative management style by the 1950s?

It broke down.

How much land was allocated for the eight settlements established by the Ewing Commission?

505,857 hectares (1.25 million acres).

What happened to the organizational authority of the settlements over time?

It gradually devolved to the settlements.

What made new leadership difficult in the settlements?

A public administration that was tough to understand and navigate.

What competition did Métis communities face at the provincial and municipal levels?

They competed with one another for funding.

Was there a single issue that united all Métis support?

No, there was no single issue to rally universal Métis support.

What kind of political agendas do various Métis organizations pursue?

Region-centered political agendas.

What role have Métis political organizations played?

They have helped define Métis identity and promoted Métis needs and desires.

What is the Métis National Council (MNC)?

The national voice of the Métis Nation, founded in 1983.

What was one of the main goals of the MNC?

To ensure Métis representation at the First Ministers’ Conference on constitutional and Native affairs.

What process does the MNC ensure Métis participation in?

The process of asserting their inherent rights to self-government and self-determination.

How is the MNC structured?

It is structured according to local, regional, provincial, and national circumstances.

What right do all Métis have within the MNC?

The right to participate in locals

What is one of the key legal battles the Métis have pursued?

Recognition of their nationhood rights in the courts.

What significant decision did the Supreme Court of Canada make in 2004 regarding the Métis?

The SCC stated that the Métis possessed Aboriginal rights.

What did the Powley decision emphasize?

It emphasized community versus individual rights.

What did the Powley decision further note about rights-bearing communities?

Rights-bearing communities are not limited to single places of origin.

What test did the Powley decision develop?

A test to define what constitutes a Métis right and who is entitled to those rights.

What did the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) rule regarding Canada's obligation to the Métis?

The SCC ruled that Canada violated its fiduciary obligation to the Métis, dating back to 1870.

What did Manitoba do that violated the Constitution?

Manitoba passed laws dealing with land allotment that excluded around 1,000 Métis children and led to bureaucratically sponsored Métis land dispossession.

What did the SCC rule in 2016 (Daniels case) regarding Canada's responsibility for the Métis?

The SCC ruled that Canada has a Section 91(24) responsibility for the Métis.