CHAPTER 2

Question 1

what did Indigenous populations developed

Answer 1

Indigenous populations developed unique political and economic processes specific to their environments

Question 2

what does every society develop

Answer 2

every society develops its own mechanisms for
determining collectively how those resources will be allocated

Question 3

what does Political Economy reflect

Answer 3

● Political economy reflects how societies balance the
interplay among politics, law, and economics

Question 4

how does political economy reflect

Answer 4

● It helps us uncover how particular mixes of political
and economic activities emerge and who benefits

Question 5

In particular political economy helps us how?

Answer 5

○Discern how the forces of politics and economics
influence community development
○Determine how community-based ideologies related to
consumption and leadership are structured

Question 6

From an Indigenous perspective, political economy is?

Answer 6

○ The study of the environment’s influence on Indigenous political institutions and economic ideologies as these
respond to prevailing ecological forces and the
dynamics associated with Creation

Question 7

Applying these ideas of the political economy helps us to challenge?

Answer 7

non-Indigenous standards of academic exploration

Question 8

specifically how did non-indigenous standards help us

Answer 8

images of pre-contact Indigenous cultures
lacking political and economic processes

Question 9

Non-Indigenous writers played an important role in?

Answer 9

framing Indigenous political economy

Question 10

Politically and economically, independent nations
were now considered

Answer 10

barbarous, savage, and noble

Question 11

how were indigenous people seen?

Answer 11

○They were seen as victims of their own inability to
socially evolve in their respective environments
○They led poor, nasty, brutish, and short lives

Question 12

Non-Indigenous Perspectives were a product of?

Answer 12

a broader colonial
agenda seeking the removal of Indigenous peoples from lands coveted by settlers

Question 13

Indigenous peoples were, and remain?

Answer 13

Indigenous peoples were, and remain

Question 14

what were indigenous people portrayed to be?

Answer 14

They were widely portrayed as Stone Age tribes slowly
progressing toward civilization

Question 15

Most histories of Confederacy do not mention what?

Answer 15

most Indigenous communities’ economic and political philosophies:
○What is missing are the words of the elders and
community leaders

Question 16

The Western perspective emphasize?

Answer 16

power and
coercive force

Question 17

Modern economics explores the?

Answer 17

production,
distribution, and consumption of goods/services

Question 18

pre-contact North American Indigenous
political and economic structures begin with?

Answer 18

how we recognize ourselves in relation to Creation (the land)

Question 19

Ecology

Answer 19

Concerned with the spacing and
interdependence of people and institutions

Question 20

Context

Answer 20

The set of circumstances or facts that surround
a particular event, situation, etc

Question 21

Artificial context

Answer 21

European notions of nature crafted by
Christian theologians/philosophers

Question 22

○The outcome was a theory of social phenomena
largely removed from nature

Question 23

Natural context

Answer 23

Indigenous philosophies that developed within specific ecological contexts

Question 24

Indigenous political and economic strategies arose?

Answer 24

in response to the specific environment

Question 25

Most Indigenous political traditions embraced systems

Answer 25

characterized by an absence of power relations (coercive, hierarchical, authoritative

Question 26

Economic competition and the?

Answer 26

accumulation of material wealth was not promoted

Question 27

Spiritual compacts were devised that stressed?

Answer 27

balance “between sources of life, the land, their place, and with the natural entities there”

Question 28

Personal responsibility was

Answer 28

KEY

Question 29

Individual or community-based agencies did not exist in

Answer 29

most Indigenous societies

Question 29

All government functions were ruled over by

Answer 29

the people, who in turn were guided by Creation

Question 30

Leadership skills were gifts derived from the?

Answer 30

Creator and were fostered over time

Question 30

Kinship, rather than strict geographic and geopolitical boundaries, grounded political philosophies

Answer 30

○ Emphasized mutual responsibility for all of Creation ○How an individual behaves has implications for the surrounding world

Question 31

Those that did operate did not have?

Answer 31

the right to govern others

Question 32

Kinship networks also localized

Answer 32

living arrangements

Question 33

Every entity living within a specific geographic region claims?

Answer 33

claims that region as its home

Question 34

All relations have responsibilities, and reciprocal relationships are

Answer 34

needed to share the same place

Question 35

Promoting autonomy and individual responsibility was?

Answer 35

difficult

Question 36

Structured protocols encouraged

Answer 36

balance

Question 37

Emotionally charged discussions were

Answer 37

avoided in lieu of calm political dialogues leading to a consensus

Question 38

when you disagreed with your community you

Answer 38

you and others could: – Leave the community/establish a satellite community – Work diplomatically behind the scenes for change

Question 39

As products of Creation, humans

Answer 39

were imbued with powers that made them equal

Question 40

To achieve rank, one needed to gain local respect by

Answer 40

○ Building a reputation based on acts of bravery ○ Showing wisdom and discretion, or by becoming an object of admiration

Question 40

To achieve rank, one needed to

Answer 40

gain local respect

Question 41

it is Impossible to separate

Answer 41

self-interest from tribal good

Question 42

Individuals did rise to positions of influence

Answer 42

○ These leaders were not the sole decision makers but rather coordinators, peacemakers, teachers, mentors, role models ○ Such leaders could not tell others what to do but instead lead by example, cajole, tease, or inspire

Question 43

One person/small group could not enhance power by

Answer 43

centralizing authority through accumulated wealth

Question 44

Minimizing differences of opinion was

Answer 44

key to successful leadership

Question 45

Hereditary systems minimized

Answer 45

concentration of power and trained leaders early in life for their role

Question 46

Greater attention was paid to ensuring

Answer 46

resource renewal and ecological balance

Question 46

Economics?

Answer 46

Production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods/services were products of the ecological context

Question 47

Exploitation of resources occurred within

Answer 47

traditional homelands

Question 48

Trade helped to maintain

Answer 48

political alliances

Question 49

The extent of continental trade suggests it was a

Answer 49

systematic and carefully thought-out process

Question 50

Oolichan

Answer 50

a species of smelt that delivered large quantities of oil

Question 51

Access to oolichan fishing grounds was often negotiated

Question 53

Some of the better known travel routes stretched for more than

Answer 53

300 kilometres