CHAPTER 11 Flashcards
Traditional economies led to localized decision-making.
Localized decision-making encouraged economic, political, and cultural ties with neighboring communities.
What did localized decision-making encourage?
It encouraged economic, political, and cultural ties with neighboring communities.
Dynamic and varied economic systems emerged from what?
They emerged from ecological contexts.
What were common features of traditional Indigenous economic systems?
They included links to traditional lands and animals, spirituality, and collectively owned assets.
How did Indigenous communities trade with newcomers?
They traded with newcomers, fostering strong economic and political ties, especially through the fur trade.
The fur trade was rooted in what?
It was rooted in mutual desires, fostering economic relationships and regional political stability.
What happened when two economic ideologies fused in the fur trade?
They fused into a distinctively Canadian economy.
What was highly valued in the fur trade relationships?
Strong relationships were highly valued.
What was essential for regional balance during contact and cooperation?
Integrating non-Indigenous traders into Indigenous kinship networks was essential.
What did expanding local kinship networks attempt to establish?
It attempted to establish new trade monopolies and peaceful relations.
What did expanding kinship networks provide to many communities?
It provided leverage to control the quality of the materials being exchanged.
How did French entrepreneurs view Indigenous people?
French entrepreneurs accepted Indigenous people as economic equals to grow the fur trade.
What kind of relationships developed during the fur trade period?
A matrix of relationships soon developed.
What led to the loss of control over land and economy?
Resource exploitation led to lost control over land and, consequently, the economy.
How did the late 17th-century fur trade impact Indigenous economies?
The fur trade had both positive and negative effects on Indigenous economies.
What happened after the HBC/NWC merger in 1821?
Many men returned home due to a lack of work, while others became trappers, guides, or carriers of goods.
What new roles developed after the fur trade era?
Traders, suppliers, and wage laborers developed as new roles.
What economic activities did prairie communities engage in?
Prairie communities engaged in farming, ranching, and sometimes mining.
What did the Indian Act (1876) compel Indigenous people to do?
It compelled Indigenous people to abandon traditional economic practices.
What were some issues with the Indian Act (1876)?
It had few economic development provisions and largely ignored treaties and promised assistance.
What was a major problem for reserves in the 1940s?
The problem was poor economic development, although some reserves had good hunting, fishing, and fertile soil.
What was anticipated about abandoned reserve lands?
Politicians anticipated they could be opened to economic development.
What new program appeared in the 1960s to address Indigenous poverty?
A community-development program was created to address poverty, ill health, and social dysfunction.
What was the purpose of the Indian Economic Development Fund (1970)?
It helped develop reserve economic projects.
