Chapter 6 Flashcards
States of Matter
Solids, Liquids, Gases and Plasma
Describe Solids
A fixed volume and shape, molecules that make up solids have the shortest distance to travel until they collide
Describe Liquids
A fixed volume but adapt to the shape of the container.
Describe Gases
Have no fixed volume nor shape. Weak forces, molecules exhibit rapid motion with frequent collisions. Gas is a fluid
Potential Energy
Energy of position .. reason why solids are rigid and liquids have viscosity and cohesiveness
Kinetic Energy
energy of motion and makes up most of gases internal energy
Internal Energy of Matter
the total amount of energy contained within a substance
Laws of Thermodynamics
refers to either the science studying the properties of matter at various temperatures OR the kinetics of reactions of matter at various temperatures
First Law
states the increase in the internal energy of a closed system can only be the result of work performed on the system
List Heat Transfer Methods (5)
Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Evaporation and condensation
Describe Conduction
Heat transfers in solids ; transfer of energy by direct contact between hot and cold molecules
Describe Convection
Heat transfer in both liquids and gases
Describe Radiation
Heat transfer occurs without direct physical contact
Describe Evaporation
Change of state from liquid to gas ; requires heat
Describe Condensation
Gas becomes a liquid ; heat is given to the enviornment
Heat Transfer
heat will move form the hotter object to the cooler until both objects temperatures are equal
Formula for Kelvin Celsius
K = C + 273
Temperature
the measurement of heat, resulting in kinetic energy
Celsius formula
F= (C x 1.8) +32
Fahrenheit formula
C = (F -32) / 1.8
Change of State
Melting, Freezing, Sublimation
Describe melting
changeover from solid to liquid state
Describe Freezing
opposite of melting ; temp at which substances freeze
Describe sublimation
transition form solid to vapor without becoming liquid as an intermediary form; occurs because vapor pressure is low enough
Properties of Liquids(5)
Pressure, Buoyancy, Viscosity, surface tension, capillary action
Buoyancy
variations in liquid pressure within a container produce an upward supporting force
Viscosity
the force opposing a fluids flow and is similar to friction in solids
Surface tension
forces a liquid to have the smallest possible surface area
Capillary Action
the basis for blood samples obtained by use of a capillary tube
Describe vaporization
liquid to vapor
Absolute humidity
air that is fully saturated with water vapor
Formula absolute humidity
AH = (mv/Va)
Relative Humidity RH
when gas is not fully saturated, water vapor content can be expressed in relative terms ; ratio of its actual water vapor content to its saturated capacity at given temps
RH formula
%RH = Content/ Saturated Capacity x 100
Body humidity
The BH of a gas is the ration of its actual water vapor content to the water vapor capacity in saturated gas at body temp (37’c)
Kinetic Activity
form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason of its motion
Partial pressure
if a container filled with more than one gas, each gas exerts pressure
Gas Pressure
name given to the force exerted by gas particles colliding with the wall of their container
Boyle’s Law
Volume of gas varies inversely with its pressure
Charles’ Law
Volume of gas varies directly with its temperature
Daltons’ Law
describes the relationship between the partial pressure and total pressure
Effect of water vapor
trapping heat ; greenhouse effect
Critical Temp and pressure for oxygen
the highest temperature at which it can exist as a liquid;
Flow patterns (4)
laminar, turbulent, transitional and venturi
Laminar flow
concentric layers of fluid flowing parallel to the tube wall at velocities that increase towards the center ; looks like not moving since it is flowing
turbulent flow
irregular current in a chaotic pattern ( like a tornado coming out)
transitional flow
a mixture of laminar and turbulent flows . flow in respiratory tract is mainly transitional
venturi effect
fast moving air creates a low pressure area that pulls more area into it
