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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeletal system contain?

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, other connective tissues relating to bones

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2
Q

What are the categories of bones?

A

Sutural, irregular, short, long, sesamoid, flat

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3
Q

What are sutural bones?

A

Small, flat, irregularly-shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull, individual variations between people

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4
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Bones with irregular shapes like the vertebrae

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5
Q

What are short bones?

A

Boxy bones like the carpals and tarsals

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6
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Bones that are thin with parallel surfaces like bones of the skull

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7
Q

What are long bones?

A

Long bones are long and slender, like the femur

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8
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Small, round, flat bones like the patella, individual variations between people

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9
Q

What are the three major types of bone markings?

A

Projections, openings, and depressions

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10
Q

What do projections do?

A

Allow for attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and part of joint articulations

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11
Q

What are openings and depressions?

A

Sites where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate bones

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12
Q

What is an example of a projection?

A

Ramus of the mandible, head of the femur

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13
Q

What is an example of an opening?

A

Paranasal sinuses

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14
Q

What is an example of a depression?

A

Coronoid fossa of the humerus

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15
Q

What is the general structure of the long bone?

A

Diaphysis (shaft), Epiphysis (ends made mostly of spongy bone), and Metaphysis (narrow connective area)

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16
Q

What is the general structure of a flat bone?

A

Core of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone

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17
Q

What is bone tissue?

A

Supporting connective tissue

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18
Q

What causes the density of the bone matrix?

A

Calcium salts and collagen fibers

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19
Q

Where do osteocytes occur?

A

Lacunae

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20
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Narrow passageways that allow osteocytes to exchange nutrients and communicate

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21
Q

What does the periosteum do?

A

Covers the outer surfaces of bones

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22
Q

How much bone weight is calcium phosphate?

A

About 2/3 of bone weight

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23
Q

How is hydroxyapatite made?

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact and form crystals of it

24
Q

What is 1/3 of bone weight?

A

Collagen fibers

25
Q

What do collagen fibers do for hydroxyapatite crystals?

A

Provide a framework

26
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

27
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells that produce osteoblasts

28
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Immature bone cells

29
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

30
Q

How many osteocytes per lacuna?

A

Only one

31
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large, multinucleate cells that absorb and remove bone matrix in osteolysis

32
Q

Where does osteolysis occur?

A

Osteoclastic crypts

33
Q

Are osteoclasts related to the other three types of bone cells?

A

No, they are basically a specialized type of macrophage

34
Q

What is the basic unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

35
Q

What is the central canal of an osteon called?

A

Haversian canal

36
Q

What do haversian canals do?

A

Contains blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon

37
Q

What are perforating canals?

A

Perpendicular canals that also contain blood vessels for deep osteons and the medullary cavity

38
Q

What are the three types of lamellae?

A

Concentric, interstital, and circumferential

39
Q

What does concentric lamellae do?

A

Form osteons

40
Q

What does interstitial lamellae do?

A

Fill spaces in between osteons in compact bone

41
Q

What does circumferential lamellae do?

A

Occur at outer and inner bone surfaces

42
Q

What is different about spongy bone?

A

No osteons, no blood vessels, trabeculae matrix

43
Q

How does spongy bone get blood vessels?

A

Red bone marrow with diffusion and cannaliculi

44
Q

In some parts of the body, spongy bone contains what, and why?

A

Yellow bone marrow, energy reserve for adipose tissue

45
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow found?

A

Some spongy bone and medullary cavities of long bones in adults

46
Q

What do medullary cavities contain in children?

A

Red bone marrow

47
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Incomplete cellular layer that lines inner surfaces of bone that’s active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

48
Q

What is the endosteum made of?

A

Flattened layer of osteogenic cells that covers bone matrix

49
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation

50
Q

What is calcification?

A

Deposition of calcium salts during ossification

51
Q

What are the two ossification processes?

A

Endochondral and intramembranous

52
Q

What happens in endochondral ossification?

A

Bone replaces existing cartilage, occurs during fetal development

53
Q

Is the timing of epiphyseal closures the same?

A

No. Toes may complete ossification around age 11, while the wrist may not complete until around age 25

54
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

How wide bones grow

55
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Bone develops directly from mesenchymal cells, occurs during fetal development, occurs mostly in flat bones

56
Q

What are spicules?

A

Bone grown in small struts

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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