Chapter 1 Flashcards
what is the first level of organization?
chemical level
what is the second level of organization?
cellular level
what is the third level of organization?
tissue level
what is the fourth level of organization?
organ level
what is the fifth level of organization?
organ system level
what is the sixth level of organization?
organismal level
what are the six levels of organization in order?
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
what is the anatomical position?
legs together, arms out to side, palms forward
what is the other word for anterior?
ventral
what is the other word for posterior?
dorsal
the toes are ________________ to the heel
anterior/ventral
what is another word for superior?
cranial
the back of the knee is ________________ to the patella
posterior/dorsal
what is another word for inferior?
caudal
the head is ________________ to the chest
superior/cranial
the coccyx is _______________ to the abdomen
inferior/caudal
further from midline
laterial
the thumb is _______ to the fingers
lateral
towards the midline
medial
the big toe is the ______ toe
medial
towards the attachment point; ONLY LIMBS
proximal
the upper arm is ________ to the forearm
proximal
away from the attachment point; ONLY LIMBS
distal
the hand is ______ to the forearm
distal
closer to the surface
superficial
the skin is ___________ to the muscles
superficial
towards the interior
deep
the bones are ____ to the skin
deep
face down orientation
prone
face up orientation
supine
single view/slice on a plane; used for scans
section
what is another word for the frontal plane?
coronal plane
what divides something into anterior and posterior parts?
frontal/coronal plane
what vertically divides a structure into right and left sides?
saggital plane
what scan goes right down the middle?
midsaggital scan
what scan does NOT go right down the middle?
parasaggital scan
what horizontally divides a structure into superior and inferior portions?
transverse plane
what is a closed, fluid-filled space in the body?
body cavity
what is a body cavity lined with?
serous membrane
what are organs also called?
viscera
what is the purpose of body cavities?
protect viscera, allow for movement, absorb shock
what serous membrane covers the organs?
visceral serosa
what serous membrane lines the inner surface of the body wall?
parietal serosa
what is in between the two layers of serosa?
serous fluid
what is the purpose of serous fluid?
moisten membranes, reduce friction during organ movements
what body cavity is deep to the chest wall?
thoracic cavity
what divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
diaphragm
what is the purpose of the diaphragm?
allows for respiration
what cavities in the thoracic cavity surroounds the lungs?
left and right pleural cavities
what cavity in the thoracic cavity surrounds the heart?
pericardial cavity
what is the mass of connective tissue that supports the trachea, esophagus, thymus, and major blood vessels of the heart?
mediastinum
what membranes do the pluera have?
visceral and parietal pleura
what membranes does the pericardium have?
visceral and parietal
what is unique about the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?
linees the mediastinum
how is the abdominopelvic cavity divided?
superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity
what is the peritoneal cavity lined by?
peritoneum
what are the two layers of the peritoneum?
visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum
what is unique about the parietal peritoneum?
lines most digestive organs
what is an organ NOT in the peritoneum called?
retroperitoneal
what organs are retroperitoneal?
kidneys, pancreas
what contains the bladder, reproductive organs, distal portion of the large intestine, and inferior portion of the peritoneal cavity?
pelvic cavity
what defines the middle of the quadrants of the body trunk?
the navel
what are the names of the quadrants of the body trunk?
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
how is the surgical regions of the body trunk divided?
horizontal above and below the navel, vertical from the clavicle
what is the top right region of the body trunk?
right hypochondriac region
what is the top middle region of the body trunk?
epigastric region
what is the top left region of the body trunk?
left hypochondriac region
what is the middle right region of the body trunk?
right lumbar region
what is in the center region of the body trunk?
umbilical region
what is in the middle left region of the body trunk?
left lumbar region
what is in the bottom right region of the body trunk?
right iliac region
what is in the bottom middle region of the body trunk?
hypogastric region
what is in the bottom left region of the body trunk?
left iliac region
what is maintaining a stable internal environment?
homeostasis
what does the body need to be able to do to maintain proper function?
respond to internal and external changes
what are the three parts of homeostasis?
receptor, control center, effector
what part of homeostasis detects the stimulus or environmental change?
receptor
what part of homeostasis recieves and proccesses info from receptors AND sends out commands?
control center
what part of homeostasis responds to commands from the control center?
effector
what is the desired value range called?
set point
what responds to a stimulus by opposing or negating the change?
negative feedback homeostasis
what responds to a stimulus by intensifying and amplifying it?
positive feedback homeostasis
in a stressful situation that needs to be completed quickly, what feedback is normally used?
positive feedback homeostasis
if skin tears and causes bleeding, what feedback is used and why?
positive feedback homeostasis to induce quick clotting
which feedback has a definitive endpoint?
positive feedback homeostasis
