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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive

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2
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

No charge

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3
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Negative

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4
Q

Which two are in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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5
Q

Where are electrons located in an atom?

A

In the electron cloud

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6
Q

What determines the atomic number?

A

Number of protons in the atom

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7
Q

EXCEPT FOR IONS, what is the relationship between protons and electrons in an atom?

A

They are equal

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8
Q

Hydrogen has 1 proton, how many electrons?

A

1 electron

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9
Q

What is it called when neutrons are attracted to protons, causing them to stay near the nucleus of the atom?

A

Electrostatic Attraction

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10
Q

What is a pure substance of atoms of one type?

A

Element

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11
Q

What is different forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons?

A

Isotopes

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12
Q

What is the difference between an isotope and a regular atom?

A

Number of neutrons and mass

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13
Q

What is mass number equal to?

A

Proton number

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14
Q

What are unstable or reactive nuclei called?

A

Radioisotopes

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15
Q

What explains the rate of radioactive decay?

A

Half Life

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16
Q

What is the half life?

A

How long it takes for half of it to decay

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17
Q

Half life is always..?

A

The same, despite starting amount

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18
Q

What do radioisotopes emit?

A

subatomic particles

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19
Q

What is fluorodeoxyglucose better known as?

A

Radioactive Glucose

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20
Q

What is the point of radioactive glucose?

A

Find which cells take up the most glucose, can detect cancer

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21
Q

What kind of atom is NOT electrically neutral?

A

Ions

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22
Q

How many electrons fit in the first shell?

A

2

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23
Q

How many electrons fit in the second and third shells?

A

8

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24
Q

What is the outermost shell called, and what does it do?

A

Valence shell, determines reactivity

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25
Q

How reactive is an atom with 3 electrons?

A

Very reactive; first electron shell is filled, second is missing 7 electrons

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26
Q

What is an element with no chemical properties?

A

Intert element

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27
Q

What gases don’t normally react?

A

Noble gases

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28
Q

What is it called when multiple atoms are held together by electron sharing?

A

Molecule

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29
Q

What is it called when multiple atoms of different elements are together?

A

Compound

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30
Q

Can a molecule be a compound?

A

Yes

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31
Q

Does a compound have to share electrons?

A

No

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32
Q

What is an atom with an electrical charge?

A

Ion

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33
Q

What is a positive ion called?

A

Cation

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34
Q

What is a negative ion called?

A

Anion

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35
Q

What gives an ion its charge?

A

Unequal protons and electrons

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36
Q

If an atom has 5 protons and 6 electrons, its charge is..

A

-1

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37
Q

If an atom has 12 protons and 11 electrons, its charge is..

A

+1

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38
Q

What does an electron donor do?

A

Loses one or more electrons, becomes a cation

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39
Q

What does an electron accepter do?

A

Gets a cation’s donated electrons, becomes an anion

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40
Q

What does electron transfer create?

A

Ionic bond

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41
Q

What does electron sharing create?

A

Covalent bond

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42
Q

Which is stronger, ionic or covalent bond?

A

Covalent bond

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43
Q

What is the word for how much an atom wants electrons?

A

Electronegativity

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44
Q

What is an equal electron sharing called?

A

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

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45
Q

What is an unequal electron sharing called?

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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46
Q

What does a polar covalent bond cause?

A

Partial charge

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47
Q

Which atom in a polar covalent bond gets a partial negative charge?

A

The one with higher electronegativity

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48
Q

What does a decomposition reaction look like?

A

AB -> A + B

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49
Q

What does a synthesis reaction look like?

A

A + B -> AB

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50
Q

What does an exchange reaction look like?

A

AB + CD -> AC + BD

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51
Q

What does a reversible reaction look like?

A

A+B <-> AB

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52
Q

What determines pH?

A

Concentration of hydrogen ions

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53
Q

What pH is neutral?

A

7

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54
Q

What is an acidic pH?

A

Less than 7

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55
Q

What is a basic pH?

A

More than 7

56
Q

What is the normal pH range of blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

57
Q

What is it called when blood pH is below 7.35?

58
Q

What is it called when blood pH is above 7.45?

59
Q

What regulates pH?

A

Negative feedback of respiration and kidney function

60
Q

What happens at a blood pH <7?

61
Q

What happens at a blood pH >7.8?

A

Uncontrollable tremors

62
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Large complex molecule

63
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (fats), Protiens, Nucleic Acids (DNA + RNA)

64
Q

What are macromolecules composed of?

A

Bonded monomers

65
Q

How do momomers bond and break?

A

Bond through dehydration synthesis, break through hydrolysis

66
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

67
Q

What is the formula for Glucose/Fructose?

68
Q

What is the difference between glucose and fructose?

A

Same formula, different arrangement/structure

69
Q

What is it called when two compounds have the same molecular formula but a different structure?

70
Q

What makes sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

71
Q

What do carbohydrates do for the body?

A

Provide energy

72
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polymer of many monosaccharides bonded

73
Q

What are starches?

A

Polysaccharides in plants made of glucose

74
Q

Why is cellulose still important despite humans not being able to break it down?

A

Important source of fiber

75
Q

What animals can break down cellulose?

A

Ruminants (cows, sheep, goats) and termites

76
Q

What is the main storage polysaccharide in humans?

77
Q

What cells make and store glycogen, and for what?

A

Muscle cells to use for when a lot of energy is neede

78
Q

Where else is glycogen found and what does it do?

A

In the liver for blood glucose regulation

79
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen C:H 1:2

80
Q

What is a hydrocarbon chain?

A

Chain found in lipids

81
Q

What are the two monomers of lipids?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

82
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A lipid momomer composed of long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end

83
Q

What does a carboxyl group look like?

84
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

Maximum hydrogen with no double bonds

85
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Double bonds to more carbon

86
Q

What categorizes unsaturated fatty acids into monounsaturated, polyunsaturated?

A

How many double bonds to carbon are present

87
Q

What makes a glyceride?

A

Glycerol and fatty acid bonded through dehydration synthesis

88
Q

What determines the prefix of a glyceride (monoglyceride, diglyceride..)

A

How many fatty acids bond with glycerol

89
Q

What does a triglyceride do for the body?

A

Energy source, insulation, protection of organs, lipid soluble vitamins

90
Q

What is a steroid?

A

4 ringed structure of large lipid molecules

91
Q

What is cholesterol and what does it do?

A

Steroid that helps plasma cell membranes and synthesis

92
Q

What are some examples of sex/steroid hormones?

A

Estrogen, testosterone

93
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Long-distance chemical signaler

94
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Phosphate group bound to diglyceride

95
Q

Where do you find a phospholipid bilayer?

A

In the cell wall/plasma membrane

96
Q

How significant are protiens?

A

Most abundant, most important macromolecules in the human body

97
Q

What is the momomer of protiens?

A

Amino acids

98
Q

What does protien do for the body?

A

Structure, movement, muscle, oxygen transport, buffers to pH fluctuations, enzymes, hormones, defense/waterproof, antibodies

99
Q

How many protien-building acids in the body?

100
Q

What are amino acids made of?

A

Central carbon atom, hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

101
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

Carboxyl group + amino group

102
Q

What is a peptide?

A

Molecule composed of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

103
Q

What determines the name of the peptide (dipeptide, tripeptide, polypeptide..)

A

How many amino acids are in it

104
Q

What is a peptide with over 100 amino acids called?

105
Q

What are the four levels of protiens?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

106
Q

What is the primary level of a protien made of?

A

Amino acids

107
Q

What is the secondary level of a protien made of?

A

Hydrogen bonds between amino acids

108
Q

What is important about the tertiary level of a protien?

A

Protien becomes folded and able to funtion

109
Q

What is the tertiary level of a protien made of?

A

R groups interact with each other and water molecules

110
Q

What is protien denaturation?

A

The unfolding of a protien

111
Q

What is the quaternary level of a protien made of?

A

More than 1 polypeptide, every subunit has its own secondary and tertiary structures

112
Q

Is quaternary level in all protiens?

113
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Long chains of nucleotides

114
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

115
Q

What are the nucleotides?

A

A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), T (thymine), U (uracil)

116
Q

Where is thymine found?

A

ONLY in DNA

117
Q

Where is uracil found?

A

ONLY in RNA

118
Q

A+G is

A

Double-ringed molecules called purines

119
Q

C+T+U is

A

One-ring molecules called pyrimidines

120
Q

A pairs with … and G pairs with …

A

T (U in RNA), C

121
Q

What is RNA?

A

A single strand of nucleotides

122
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

123
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA

124
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA

125
Q

What is rRNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA

126
Q

How are DNA strands held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

127
Q

How many bands are in between A and T?

128
Q

How many bands are in between G and C?

129
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

Double helix

130
Q

What are high-energy bonds?

A

Covalent bonds that release energy when broken

131
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Attaching a phosphate group to another molecule

132
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

lacking a phosphate group

133
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate, 1 high-energy bond

134
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate, 2 high-energy bonds

135
Q

What does the suffix -ase signify?

136
Q

What is ATPase?

A

Enzyme that breaks ATP into ADP to release energy

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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