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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 4 main points of cell theory?

A

Cells are the smallest living units in the human body, cells are the building blocks of all organisms, all cells come from the division of preexisting cells, cells are the smallest units that carry out meaningful life function

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2
Q

Where does homeostasis start?

A

In the cells

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3
Q

How many cells do humans have?

A

~30-40 trillion

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4
Q

What does the plasma/cell membrane do?

A

Separates the intracellular fluids from the extracellular fluids, regulates passage of substances

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5
Q

What is considered the intracellular fluids of a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

What does the cell membrane regulate?

A

Entry and exit of ions, nutrients and such

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7
Q

How does the cell membrane do this?

A

Through receptors able to analyze the environment and communicate to cells

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8
Q

How is the phospholipid bilayer structured and why?

A

Hydrophilic heads face towards inside and outside to attract water, hydrophobic tails inbetween to repel ions and water-solublue compounds

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9
Q

What does cholestorol do for the cell membrane?

A

Stiffens it, makes it less permeable, and is used in regulatory functions

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10
Q

What protiens are associated with the cell membrane?

A

Integral protiens, peripheral protiens

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11
Q

Where are integral protiens?

A

Inside the membrane

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12
Q

Where are peripheral protiens?

A

Bound to the inner or outer surface

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13
Q

What do trans-membrane protiens do?

A

Allow substances to traverse across the cell membrane

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14
Q

What is considered the cytoplasm?

A

All materials between the cell wall and the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Mixture of water and dissolved things, jelly-like

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16
Q

What are organelles?

A

Internal structuresof eukaryotic cells that have specific functions

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17
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Masses of insoluble materials in cells (glycogen granules in liver+skeletal muscle cells, liquid droplets in fat calls, pigment granules)

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18
Q

What are non membraneous organelles?

A

Completely in contact with the cytosol/cytoskeleton

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19
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Internal framework of protiens in the cytoplasm for strength and flexibility

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20
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Smallest, made of actin (motor protien), provide strength and allow attachment to membrane. Determines consistency of cytosol, interacts with myosin to produce muscle contractions

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21
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

Strengthen cell, maintain cell shape, stabilize positions of organelles

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22
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Largest hollow tubes of tubulin, radiate outwards towards the centrosome. Help intermediate filaments strengthen cell, cell shape, organelles, movement

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23
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Region of cytoplasm near nucleus that organizes microtubules

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24
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Cells in the centrosome cylindrical structures that form spindle apparatus for cell division

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25
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Organelles that synthesize protiens

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26
Q

Where are free ribosomes?

A

Scattered throughout cytoplasm, protiens go into cytosol

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27
Q

Where are fixed ribosomes?

A

Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), protiens go into it

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28
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Interconnected cell network that sythesizes protiens, carbs, lipids, transports and detoxifies

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29
Q

What does the SER do?

A

Synthesize phospholipids and cholestorol, steroid hormones, triglycerides

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30
Q

What does the RER do?

A

Synthesis of protiens by ribosomes, fold protiens

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31
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modify and package secretions, makes lysosomes for use in the cytoplasm

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32
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Digesters and shields cell from chemical reactions that are toxic

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33
Q

What is autolysis?

A

Self-destruction of damaged cells

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34
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The powerhouse of the cell, numbers vary between cell types

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35
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Control which protiens are made and when and how many, determines cell structure and function

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36
Q

What is the nuclear envolope?

A

Double membrane

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37
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Let things go through so nucleus knows what’s happening in the cytoplasm.

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38
Q

What is the NPC?

A

Nuclear pore complex

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39
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Organelle that synthesized rRNA, assembles ribosomal subunits

40
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

Composed of DNA coiled around histone

41
Q

What does a histone do?

A

Binds DNA, determines how loose it is

42
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Non-dividing cells

43
Q

What is supercoiled DNA?

A

Dividing cells

44
Q

What is a gene?

A

DNA nucleotide sequence that codes for the animo acid of one protien

45
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

A

DNA -> mRNA -> protien

46
Q

What is transcription?

A

Synthesis of RNA from DNA, takes place in nucleus

47
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

mRNA copies from DNA that can’t leave cell

48
Q

What is a codon?

A

A codon is three nucleotides long

49
Q

What is the transcription of this? ATATGCCGA

A

UAUACGGCU, DNA -> RNA

50
Q

What does the transcription for DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

51
Q

What happens to mRNA after transcription?

A

RNA proccesing and splicing

52
Q

What is an intron?

A

Noncoding sequences that are removed during RNA proccessing and splicing

53
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding segments spilced and cleaved off of introns

54
Q

Where does mRNA go after proccessing and splicing?

A

Leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome

55
Q

What compliments codons?

A

Anticodons

56
Q

What is diffusion?

A

High concentration moves to lower concentration, always passive

57
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference between the high and low concentrations of the cell

58
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Fatty acids, steroids, etc go through the interior because they’re small enough

59
Q

What does channel-mediated diffusion do?

A

Allows small water-soluble compositions to pass through

60
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Net diffusion of water across semipermiable membrane, ONLY water moves based on solute concentration

61
Q

What is tonicity?

A

How a cell responds in shape to solute concentration

62
Q

What is the ideal tonicity?

A

Isotonic

63
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Intracellular fluid and soluce concentration is equal

64
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

Solute of intracellular fluid is higher, water enters and the cell swells

65
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

Solute of intracellular fluid is lower, water leaves the cell, it shrivels

66
Q

What is carrier-mediated transport?

A

Moves molecules across membrane

67
Q

What is a symporter?

A

2 substances go to the same direction at the same time

68
Q

What is an antiporter?

A

2 substances go in a different direction at the same time

69
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Large water-soluble molecules diffuse from cell membrane, bind to carrier protiens

70
Q

Where do molecules bind to carrier protiens?

A

Receptor sites

71
Q

What is active transport?

A

To move substances against the concentration gradient, requires energy

72
Q

What are ion pumps and exchange pumps examples of?

A

Antiporters

73
Q

What is cell division?

A

One cell divides into two, always happening

74
Q

Why do cells need replacing?

A

Environment, physical wear and tear, toxins

75
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

76
Q

What are somatic cells also called?

A

Body cells

77
Q

What goes through meiosis?

A

Gametes

78
Q

What is interphase?

A

Period between cell divisions (G1, S, G2)

79
Q

Can interphase vary?

A

Yes, skeletal cells and neurons stay in interphase forever, while stem cells never go into interphase

80
Q

What does G1 phase do?

A

Duplication of organelles

81
Q

What does S phase do?

A

DNA replication

82
Q

What does G2 phase do?

A

Protien synthesis

83
Q

What is a genome?

A

Total cell DNA

84
Q

What is the M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

85
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Nuclear division

86
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasmic division

87
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

88
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle fibers contain pairs of centrioles

89
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Copy of chromosomes, connects to centromere

90
Q

What is the point of attachment for spindle fibers?

A

Kinetochore

91
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell at the ‘metaphase plate’

92
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids pull apart from the shortening of spindle fibers; centromere splitting

93
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Nuclear membranes reform, nuclei enlarge, chromosomes unravel to chromatin, mitotic spindle breaks down

94
Q

Why does the mitotic spindle break down?

A

It takes a lot of energy to keep it formed

95
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm divides into the daughter cells

96
Q

What is a cleavage furrow?

A

Where a contractive band of microfilaments (actin) finishes the separation of the two daughter cells

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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