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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a group of specialized cells that perform specific functions?

A

Tissue

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2
Q

What is the study of tissue called?

A

Histology

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3
Q

What are the four main types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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4
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers exposed surfaces, lines passages, forms glands

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5
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Fills internal spaces, supports other tissue, transports materials, stores energy

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6
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Specializes in contraction

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7
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

Carries info through body via electrical impulses

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8
Q

Where are epithelial glands?

A

Surface of the skin, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary

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9
Q

What do the epithelial glands do?

A

Physical protection from abrasions, dehydration, chemical and biological agents.. controls permeability, sensation, specialized secretions onto the epiderman surface

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial glands?

A

polarity, structure/function difference between apical and basal surfaces, cellularity, attachment to basement membrane, diffusional absorption, regenerates damaged/detached epidermal cells

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11
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialized general cells

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12
Q

What does apical mean?

A

Exposed

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13
Q

What does basal mean?

A

Attached

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14
Q

What are small finger-like projections of the plasma membrane?

A

Microvilli

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15
Q

What are small finger-like microtubules?

A

Cilia

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16
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Absorption and secretion

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17
Q

What do cilia do?

A

Move fluids and secretions over epidermal surfaces

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18
Q

What does the ciliated epithelium do?

A

Lines the respiratory tract, moves mucus

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19
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Traps dust, pollen, and other foreign substances

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20
Q

What are cells firmly attached to?

A

Basement membrane and each other

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21
Q

What is a CAM?

A

Cell Adhesion Molecule

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22
Q

What are CAMs and what do they do?

A

Transmembrane protiens, attach opposing plasma membrane and to extracellular material (can attach by proteoglycans), prevent water loss

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23
Q

What is “intracellular cement” really called?

A

Proteoglycans

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24
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions?

A

Gap, tight, lumen

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25
Q

What does the gap cell junction do?

A

Holds cells together via interlocking transmembrane protiens

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26
Q

What are connexions and what do they do?

A

Transmembrane protiens, allow small molecules and ions to move between cells, common among epitheleal cells and cardiac muscle tissue

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27
Q

What does the tight cell juction do?

A

Lipid portions of two plasma membranes bound via interlocking junctional protiens, prevents water and solutes from passing between cells

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28
Q

What does the adhesion belt do?

A

Forms band to encircle cells, binds to cells

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29
Q

What does the lumen cell junction do?

A

Space inside tubular structures (ER, small intestine) in small intestine to keep enzymes, acid, and wastes in the lumen

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30
Q

What do desmosomes?

A

CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes, dense area connected to cytoskeleton

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31
Q

What are the two types of desmosomes?

A

Spot and hemi

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32
Q

What are spot desmosomes?

A

Small discs connected to intermediate filaments

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33
Q

What are hemi desmosomes?

A

Resemble half of a spot desmosome, attach cells to basement membrane

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34
Q

How is epithelia classed?

A

By number of layers and cell shape

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35
Q

Epithelium is thin and flat.

A

Squamous

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36
Q

Epithelium is like little boxes.

A

Cuboidal

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37
Q

Epithelium is tall and slender.

A

Columnar

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38
Q

Epithelium has only one layer.

A

Simple

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39
Q

Epithelium has multiple layers.

A

Stratified

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40
Q

What do simple epithelia do?

A

Thin and fragile, so they handle secretion and absorption

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41
Q

What do squamous epithelial cells look like?

A

Irregular in shape

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42
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelial cells found?

A

Alveoli, heart, blood vessels (reduces friction, in slick areas)

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43
Q

What are simple squamous epithelial cells called in the heart and blood vessels?

A

Endothelium

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44
Q

What are simple squamous epithelial cells called in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities?

A

Mesothelium

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45
Q

What is the purpose of stratified squamous epithelial cells and where are they found?

A

Handle severe mechanical stresses, surface of skin and lining of mouth

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46
Q

What is the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Superficial layers of epithelial cells packed with keratin filaments in exposed body surfaces

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47
Q

Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Epidermis

48
Q

What is keratin?

A

Protien that is tough, flexible, and water resistant

49
Q

What does nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium do and where is it found?

A

Resists abrasion and must be kept moist, esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina

50
Q

What does cuboidal epithelial tissue look like?

A

Hexagonal boxes

51
Q

What does simple cuboidal epithelial tissue do, and where is it found?

A

Limited protection, in glands and kidneys

52
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelial found?

A

Rare, in sweat glands, mammary glands

53
Q

Where is transitional stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue and what does it do?

A

Looks cuboidal between stretched, can look squamous, tolerates repeated cycles of stretching, in urinary bladder

54
Q

What does simple columnar epithelial cells do and where are they found?

A

Absorbs and secretes, found in stomach, small intestine, large intestine

55
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue and where is it found?

A

Appears layered but all cells are attached to the basement membrane, several types of cells of varying shape and function, cilla, in the nasal, trachea, bronchi, male reproductive ducts

56
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelial found?

A

Rare, in the pharunx, epiglottus, anus, urethra

57
Q

What is the epiglottus?

A

Controls whether you use your esophagus or trachea

58
Q

What are glands?

A

Collections of epithelial cells that produce secretions

59
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

60
Q

What do endocrine glands do, and what are some?

A

Release hormones into bloodstream for distribution (ductless), thyroid, thymus, pituitary

61
Q

What do exocrine glands do, and what are some?

A

Release secretions onto epidermis surface like perspiration, tears, milk (sweat glands, tear ducts, mammary glands)

62
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Matrix composed of extracellular protien fibers, specialized cells, and ground substance fluid, composes most tissue, surrounds cells

63
Q

What are some functions of connective tissue?

A

Structural framework of the body, transport fluids, dissolve matierals, protect organs, support, surround, and interconnect other types, store energy, defend body from pathogens

64
Q

What kind of tissue are triglycerides stored in?

A

Connective tissue

65
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

Viscous ground substance with many types of cells and extracellular fibers, spil into two

66
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose and dense

67
Q

What is fluid connective tissue?

A

Watery matrix with dissolved protiens and populations of suspended cells (blood and lymph)

68
Q

What is supporting connective tissue?

A

Matrixes are densely packed with extracellular fibers (cartilage, bone)

69
Q

What are fibroblasts and what do they do?

A

Always present, most abundant fixed cells, secrete hyaluronan, secrete protien subunits that make large extracellular fibers, produce collagen, elastic fibers, reticular

70
Q

What is hyaluronan?

A

Polysaccharide derived from ground substance

71
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Fat cells, contain a single enormous lipid droplet, number varies among connective tissue types, body regions, individuals

72
Q

What are mesenchymal?

A

Stem cells respond to injury or infection by dividing into two daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts and microphages, or other connective tissue cells

73
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Synthesize and store brown pigment melanin, has a major role in determining skin, eye, and hair color

74
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Large eating cells of immune system that engulf bad stuff and release cytokines that activate immune system to recruit more microphages

75
Q

What is cytokines?

A

A help alert from macrophages to signal others to come in and fight a problem

76
Q

What are the two types of macrophages?

A

Fixed and free

77
Q

What do fixed macrophages do?

A

Stay in one tissue

78
Q

What do free macrophages do?

A

Roam tissue and come to help with fixed

79
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

Immune cell that releases histamine and heparin

80
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Stimulates inflammation

81
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Anticoagulant that enhances blood flow during inflammation

82
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Immune cells that migrate and can develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies

83
Q

What is a collagen fiber?

A

Most common, long, straight, unbranched, very strong and flexible

84
Q

What are tendons?

A

Collagen fibers that connect skeletal muscle to bone

85
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Collagen fibers that connect bone to bone

86
Q

What is reticular fibers?

A

Form branching interwoven framework that is tough and flexible despite being thinner, stabilize positions of parenchyma, blood vessels, organs, nerves, and structures of organs

87
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

Functional cells

88
Q

What is elastic fibers?

A

Branched, wavy fibers that return to original length after stretching, relatively rare elastic ligaments, in vertebreal column, made of elastin

89
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Top layer of skin

90
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Middle layer of skin

91
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer?

A

Not-real layer of skin that holds adipose tissue (fat)

92
Q

What does the sebaceous gland do?

A

Produces sebum

93
Q

What is the hair root?

A

Part of hair in the skin

94
Q

What is the hair shaft?

A

The part of the hair that’s visible

95
Q

What does the arrector pili muscle do?

A

Makes the hair stand up (goosebumps)

96
Q

What does a sweat pore do?

A

Lets sweat leave the body onto the skin

97
Q

What does the outer root sheath do?

A

Protects follicle from the outside

98
Q

What does the inner root sheath do?

A

Protects follicle from the inside

99
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Fat cells/tissue

100
Q

What does the sweat gland do?

A

Produces perspiration

101
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

Deepest layer, stem cell layer

102
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

Where cells get flat and make keratin

103
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

Dead skin, keratin granules

104
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Very top, dead skin

105
Q

What does a vein do?

A

Carries blood from the heart

106
Q

What does an artery do?

A

Carries blood back to the heart

107
Q

What does the sensory nerves do?

A

Provides sensation in skin

108
Q

What does the hair bulb do?

A

Originates the hair

109
Q

What is the free edge of the nail?

A

The part of the nail that isn’t surrounded

110
Q

What is the nail body?

A

The nail that’s visible

111
Q

What is the eronychium?

A

“Cuticle”

112
Q

What is the lateral nail fold?

A

Side of the nail

113
Q

What is the lunula?

A

Air-exposed part fo the nail, white crescent shape

114
Q

What is the proximal nail fold?

A

Over the bottom of the nail

115
Q

What is the nail root?

A

Where the nail originates from

116
Q

What is the phalanx?

A

Finger bone

117
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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