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Drugs and Human Behavior > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Albert Hoffman and the synthesis of LSD

A

after spilling a small amount of LSD on his hand and experiencing things unlike anything he has ever experienced he continued experimentation ultimately leading to him writing about LSD and causing it to be marketed in 1947

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2
Q

CIA use of LSD

A

attempted to use LSD as a mind-controlling substance in truth serum during WWII

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3
Q

LSD and the serotonin system

A

psychedelics like LSD bind to serotonin 2A receptors and do not have any sedating properties

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4
Q

Types of hallucinogens

A

LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin

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5
Q

types of dissociative

A

Ketamine, PCP, DXM

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6
Q

types of deliriant

A

Benadryl, atropine, mandrake, scopolamine

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7
Q

types of psychedelics

A

Psilocybin, LSD, Ergolines

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8
Q

NT systems affected by hallucinogens

A

serotonergic receptors, dopamine, acetylcholine,

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9
Q

Ergot and the Salem Witch Trials

A

people would eat the Ergot fungi which would grow on grains and produce alkaloids leading to very eratic behavior, the people of Salem were unaware of this and an outbreak began leading to the death of many women for being witches

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10
Q

Trade name for LSD

A

Delysid

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11
Q

what schedule is LSD

A

Schedule I

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12
Q

use statistics and deaths

A

2.4 million Americans have used LSD in the past year, 0.1% of Americans use LSD regularly, rates among youth use is low, and no deaths have been reported with recreational doses

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13
Q

LSD methods of use

A

blotter papers, microdots, candy, liquid drops, intravenously, snorting

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14
Q

LSD addiction potential

A

low potential for addiction but it can happen through rapid tolerance

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15
Q

LSD treatment and withdrawal effects

A

withdrawal does not occur, no government approved medication, rehab and dual-diagnosis programs

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16
Q

LSD mechanism of action

A

binds to serotonin receptors in thalamus, cortex, and coerulus

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17
Q

LSD brain regions affected

A

LSD increases connectivity in the visual cortex (occipital lobe) leading to hallucinations and allusions

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18
Q

Physiological and psychological effects of use

A

elevated mood, focus, increased wakefulness, nausea, headaches, insomnia, seizures, fever

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19
Q

LSD effects on cerebral blood flow

A

LSD causes greater cerebral blood flow and correlated with complex altered imagery

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20
Q

LSD effects on pain perception

A

20 micrograms of LSD showed to reduce pain perception

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21
Q

Physiological and psychological effects of MDMA

A

increased empathy, self-acceptance, inner peace, muscle tension, headaches, hallucinations, panic, emotional warmth

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22
Q

Forms of MDMA and Routes of administration

A

tablets, powder and crystals, and it can be snorted, injected, or orally

23
Q

Cost of MDMA

A

75-100mg of MDMA ranges from $15-$35

24
Q

Chemical name and Slang names for MDMA

A

3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine; love drug, Molly, ecstasy

25
Q

NT affected and receptors by MDMA

A

serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and binds to 5-HT receptors

26
Q

Hormones and brain regions affected by MDMA

A

increases oxytocin, prolactin, and cortisol; activates the ventral striatum and decreases activity in the amygdala

27
Q

Acute effects of MDMA

A

sympathomimetic, increased empathy, self-acceptance, emotional warmth, inner peace, muscle tension, headaches

28
Q

High dose effects of MDMA

A

panic, paranoia, disorientation, hallucinations, serotonin syndrome

29
Q

treatment options for MDMA

A

Cognitive behavioral interventions, behavioral therapy, support groups

30
Q

Withdrawal from MDMA

A

fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, lack of focus, trouble concentrating

31
Q

History of MDMA

A

originally created to help control bleeding; 1970s it was approved by the FDA despite no human testing, 1985 DEA banned MDMA and scheduled it as a Schedule I

32
Q

MDMA usage statistics

A

primarily used by males and has remained steadily at over 2 thousand people in the US

33
Q

MDMA effects of PTSD

A

MDMA showed to reduce symptoms of PTSD

34
Q

Where do mushrooms grow

A

in warm and damp climates like Gulf coast, Southeast Asia, central and South America, Pacific Northwest

35
Q

street names of mushrooms

A

magic mushrooms, shrooms, mushies, liberty caps, blue meanies

36
Q

route of administration for mushrooms

A

oral, added to foods, tea, dried up and smoked

37
Q

what schedule are mushrooms

A

Schedule I

38
Q

History of use of mushrooms

A

used medicinally and ceremonially; the Woodstock festival became known as the event that changed the world;

39
Q

mushrooms effects on the brain including NT systems

A

affects serotonin receptors and mimics serotonin but produces a trip leading to changes in mood and perception

40
Q

physiological and psychological effects

A

anxiety, paranoia, seeing/hearing things, passing out, mushrooms are relatively safe

41
Q

stats of usage of mushrooms and hospital visits

A

25% of people used mushrooms at least once, out of 9233 responses to EMT 0.2% sought EMT

42
Q

benefits of psilocybin

A

depression, cluster headaches, Autism, Anxiety, alcohol dependence, tobacco use

43
Q

hallucinogen

A

a drug that distorts ones perception of reality

44
Q

psychedelic

A

drugs that produce a vivid perceptual experience

45
Q

MDMA

A

a schedule I hallucinogen

46
Q

Ergotamine

A
47
Q

ergot

A

A family of fungi that grows on rye and barley and produces alkaloids when consumed, which may result in hallucinatory effects

48
Q

dissociatives

A

drugs that produce analgesia, amnesia, catalepsy and a sense of detachment

49
Q

deliriant

A

drugs that produce a vivid perceptual experience

50
Q

empathogen

A

a type of drug that produces feelings of empathy

51
Q

operation midnight climax

A

the experiment where hookers would pick up random men and lace their drink with LSD to observe the effects

52
Q

MK-Ultra

A

a CIA conducted operation where they would use LSD in truth serum on captures during WWII

53
Q

psilocybin

A

naturally occurring mushroom that produces a hallucinogenic effect

54
Q

ergotism

A

burning and tingling of the skin, sensory disturbances, and hallucinations

Drugs and Human Behavior (8 decks)

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