Chapter 6 Flashcards
Albert Hoffman and the synthesis of LSD
after spilling a small amount of LSD on his hand and experiencing things unlike anything he has ever experienced he continued experimentation ultimately leading to him writing about LSD and causing it to be marketed in 1947
CIA use of LSD
attempted to use LSD as a mind-controlling substance in truth serum during WWII
LSD and the serotonin system
psychedelics like LSD bind to serotonin 2A receptors and do not have any sedating properties
Types of hallucinogens
LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin
types of dissociative
Ketamine, PCP, DXM
types of deliriant
Benadryl, atropine, mandrake, scopolamine
types of psychedelics
Psilocybin, LSD, Ergolines
NT systems affected by hallucinogens
serotonergic receptors, dopamine, acetylcholine,
Ergot and the Salem Witch Trials
people would eat the Ergot fungi which would grow on grains and produce alkaloids leading to very eratic behavior, the people of Salem were unaware of this and an outbreak began leading to the death of many women for being witches
Trade name for LSD
Delysid
what schedule is LSD
Schedule I
use statistics and deaths
2.4 million Americans have used LSD in the past year, 0.1% of Americans use LSD regularly, rates among youth use is low, and no deaths have been reported with recreational doses
LSD methods of use
blotter papers, microdots, candy, liquid drops, intravenously, snorting
LSD addiction potential
low potential for addiction but it can happen through rapid tolerance
LSD treatment and withdrawal effects
withdrawal does not occur, no government approved medication, rehab and dual-diagnosis programs
LSD mechanism of action
binds to serotonin receptors in thalamus, cortex, and coerulus
LSD brain regions affected
LSD increases connectivity in the visual cortex (occipital lobe) leading to hallucinations and allusions
Physiological and psychological effects of use
elevated mood, focus, increased wakefulness, nausea, headaches, insomnia, seizures, fever
LSD effects on cerebral blood flow
LSD causes greater cerebral blood flow and correlated with complex altered imagery
LSD effects on pain perception
20 micrograms of LSD showed to reduce pain perception
Physiological and psychological effects of MDMA
increased empathy, self-acceptance, inner peace, muscle tension, headaches, hallucinations, panic, emotional warmth
Forms of MDMA and Routes of administration
tablets, powder and crystals, and it can be snorted, injected, or orally
Cost of MDMA
75-100mg of MDMA ranges from $15-$35
Chemical name and Slang names for MDMA
3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine; love drug, Molly, ecstasy
NT affected and receptors by MDMA
serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and binds to 5-HT receptors
Hormones and brain regions affected by MDMA
increases oxytocin, prolactin, and cortisol; activates the ventral striatum and decreases activity in the amygdala
Acute effects of MDMA
sympathomimetic, increased empathy, self-acceptance, emotional warmth, inner peace, muscle tension, headaches
High dose effects of MDMA
panic, paranoia, disorientation, hallucinations, serotonin syndrome
treatment options for MDMA
Cognitive behavioral interventions, behavioral therapy, support groups
Withdrawal from MDMA
fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, lack of focus, trouble concentrating
History of MDMA
originally created to help control bleeding; 1970s it was approved by the FDA despite no human testing, 1985 DEA banned MDMA and scheduled it as a Schedule I
MDMA usage statistics
primarily used by males and has remained steadily at over 2 thousand people in the US
MDMA effects of PTSD
MDMA showed to reduce symptoms of PTSD
Where do mushrooms grow
in warm and damp climates like Gulf coast, Southeast Asia, central and South America, Pacific Northwest
street names of mushrooms
magic mushrooms, shrooms, mushies, liberty caps, blue meanies
route of administration for mushrooms
oral, added to foods, tea, dried up and smoked
what schedule are mushrooms
Schedule I
History of use of mushrooms
used medicinally and ceremonially; the Woodstock festival became known as the event that changed the world;
mushrooms effects on the brain including NT systems
affects serotonin receptors and mimics serotonin but produces a trip leading to changes in mood and perception
physiological and psychological effects
anxiety, paranoia, seeing/hearing things, passing out, mushrooms are relatively safe
stats of usage of mushrooms and hospital visits
25% of people used mushrooms at least once, out of 9233 responses to EMT 0.2% sought EMT
benefits of psilocybin
depression, cluster headaches, Autism, Anxiety, alcohol dependence, tobacco use
hallucinogen
a drug that distorts ones perception of reality
psychedelic
drugs that produce a vivid perceptual experience
MDMA
a schedule I hallucinogen
Ergotamine
ergot
A family of fungi that grows on rye and barley and produces alkaloids when consumed, which may result in hallucinatory effects
dissociatives
drugs that produce analgesia, amnesia, catalepsy and a sense of detachment
deliriant
drugs that produce a vivid perceptual experience
empathogen
a type of drug that produces feelings of empathy
operation midnight climax
the experiment where hookers would pick up random men and lace their drink with LSD to observe the effects
MK-Ultra
a CIA conducted operation where they would use LSD in truth serum on captures during WWII
psilocybin
naturally occurring mushroom that produces a hallucinogenic effect
ergotism
burning and tingling of the skin, sensory disturbances, and hallucinations
