Chapter 2

Question 1

FDA

Answer 1

Food and Drug Administration helps regulate and supervise the safety of prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs, tobacco products, vaccines, dietary supplements, medical devices, food, and other products (works with DEA in up-keeping the schedules of drugs)

Question 2

DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency)

Answer 2

lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act (works in conjunction with FBI, ICE, and other foreign agencies to combat drug smuggling and investigations)

Question 3

ONDCP

Answer 3

The Office of National Drug Control Policy establishes policies and actions to eradicate illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking; also attempts to reduce crime, violence, and health consequences associated with illicit drug use (evaluates, coordinates, and oversees anti-drug efforts in the US and internationally)

Question 4

DOJ

Answer 4

The Department of Justice involves the FBI, DEA, ATF, ICE, Federal Bureau of Prisons, and Justice Tax Division

Question 5

ATF

Answer 5

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms prevents illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco products

Question 6

Felony

Answer 6

a more serious crime; punishable by more than a year in prison

Question 7

Drug-Defined Offenses

Answer 7

laws prohibiting the use, distribution, possession, or manufacture of illegal drugs

Question 8

misdemeanor

Answer 8

a less serious crime; punishable by 1 yr or less in prison

Question 9

possession

Answer 9

the crime of having illegal or non-prescribed controlled substances under one’s control

Question 10

trafficking

Answer 10

unauthorized manufacture, distribution, or sale of any controlled substance

Question 11

conspiracy

Answer 11

an agreement between two or more people to violate the federal drug laws

Question 12

harm-reduction

Answer 12

policies that aim to reduce the health risks associated with drug use, reduce prison overcrowding, and focus on treatment rather than punishment

Question 13

drug-related offenses

Answer 13

offenses in which a drug contributes to the commission of a crime

Question 14

Systemic violence

Answer 14

disputes over territory between rival drug dealers, violent acts committed to enforce discipline, elimination of police informants, punishment for selling adulterated drugs, punishment for defrauding the drug dealer

Question 15

pharmacological violence

Answer 15

the effect of a drug having a direct physiological influence on an offender committing an act of violence

Question 16

economically compulsive violence

Answer 16

criminal act committed by a drug abuser in order to obtain money to buy a drug

Question 17

implied consent

Answer 17

applies to all drivers in Arizona subject to DUI laws, if a breathalyzer test is refused it results in suspension of driving privileges, police may obtain a warrant to conduct a DUI blood or urine test; the driver is given 15 days to request a MVD license suspension hearing

Question 18

Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914

Answer 18

Decreed that physicians and pharmacists had to be licensed to prescribe narcotics, they must register with the US Treasury Department and keep records of the narcotic drugs the dispensed and they can only prescribe in the course of their profession

Question 19

Volstead Act

Answer 19

prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, or importation of intoxicating liquors (for a year it reduced alcohol-related deaths and crimes; however as more time passed alcohol use and alcohol-related crime rose becoming greater than it was before the act was put in place)

Question 20

Marijuana Tax Act of 1937

Answer 20

banned the recreational use of marijuana but allowed for medicinal or industrial use, provided the user paid for a license (the act was opposed by the AMA, the first individual to be arrested under the act was a Mexican American, and it was overturned and declared unconstitutional in 1969 following a case with Timothy Leary)

Question 21

Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act of 1938

Answer 21

required drug companies to prove their products were safe and effective, to label the product with directions, and determine if the drug should be over-the-counter or prescription (gave the FDA more responsibility and authority)

Question 22

Federal Bureau of Narcotics

Answer 22

Harry Anslinger was the point person for this policy; an independent federal agency to enforce the Harrison act domestically and internationally, operates under the jurisdiction of the Justice Department

Question 23

1956 Narcotics Control Act

Answer 23

increased the mandatory minimum sentence requirement, forbade judges from suspending sentences or imposing probation in cases where they felt a prison sentence was inappropriate, denied the right to parole consideration for those imprisoned for drug offenses

Question 24

Controlled Substances Act of 1970

Answer 24

repealed, replaced, and consolidated all previous federal drug laws, created the 5 schedules of drugs

Question 25

The war on drugs

Answer 25

The US governments campaign, under Richard Nixon, to reduce the importation, manufacture, sale, and use of illegal drugs (drug use wasn’t that high, Nixon declared drugs public enemy number one)

Question 26

Drug abuse control acts of the 1980s

Answer 26

strengthened federal anti-drug policies, forfeiture laws[government can seize anything in one’s possession at the time of a drug arrest], established Office of National Drug Control Policy, lowered legal BAC limit to 0.08 from 0.1 (drug laws are not applied evenly, minorities are more likely to be arrested for drug charges)

Question 27

Charges for Cocaine

Answer 27

Less than 500 grams = up to 20 yrs in prison with up to a $5mil dollar fine for the first offense; second offense is up to 30 yrs in prison or up to life if death was involved with up to $10mil fine/500 to 4,999 grams = 5-40yrs in prison with up to $25mil fine for first offense; 2nd offense is 10-life with up to $50mil fine/5kg or more = 10-life with up to $50mil for first offense; 2nd offense is 20-life with up to $75mil fine

Question 28

Charges for Crack

Answer 28

less than 25grams =up to 20 yrs in prison with up to a $5mil dollar fine for the first offense; second offense is up to 30 yrs in prison or up to life if death was involved with up to $10mil fine/ 28-279grams =5-40yrs in prison with up to $25mil fine for first offense; 2nd offense is 10-life with up to $50mil fine/ 280grams or more =10-life with up to $50mil for first offense; 2nd offense is 20-life with up to $75mil fine

Question 29

State drug laws

Answer 29

states are given flexibility in how they decide to enforce or not enforce federal drug laws, there can be variation from state to state in drug laws for scheduled drugs or non-scheduled drugs (federal laws override state laws)

Question 30

Federal Drug laws

Answer 30

penalties for drug offenses depend on several factors including the specific drug, quantities involved, if its the first offense, and which crime they committed

Question 31

How does a case become federal

Answer 31

if a federal informant named you, a federal officer made the arrest, the crime occurred on federal property, the crime involved crossing state lines

Question 32

What are the outcomes of a drug conviction

Answer 32

jail time and a fine depending on the drug, wether it is a first offense, and what crime was committed

Question 33

What happened in Portugal

Answer 33

Portugal removed criminal sanctions for possession and use of any small amounts of drugs in 2001, any individuals found in possession of drugs are referred to treatment services (Portugal then saw declines in drug use and drug-induced deaths)

Question 34

What is the connection between crime and drugs

Answer 34

drug use and crime do not cause one or the other; aspects of a deviant lifestyle/culture, social risk factors that lead to deviant behavior, and deviant behavior do

Question 35

what drugs cause the most and least deaths

Answer 35

Caffeine causes the most, and heroin the least

Question 36

American Attitudes towards marijuana

Answer 36

most Americans believe the government should focus on treatment rather than punishment, and that marijuana should be legalized, and alcohol is more harmful than marijuana

Question 37

how is the schedule of a drug determined

Answer 37

schedule is determined based on the drug’s potential for abuse, its medical benefits (if any), and its likelihood for producing dependence