Chapter 1 Flashcards
Drug
any chemical entity, other than those required for maintenance of normal health, the administration of alter biological function and structure
psychoactive drug
any chemical that alters behavior, cognition, or emotion
illicit drug
drugs that are currently illegal or heavily regulated
licit drug
drugs that can be purchased legally without restrictions
pharmacology
study of effects of drugs on living systems
psychopharmacology
study of effects of drugs on behavior
beneficial use
use that has positive health, social, or spiritual effects
casual/nonproblematic use
recreational, casual use that has negligible effects
problematic use
use that begins to have negative outcomes
chronic dependence
use that has become habitual and compulsive despite negative health effects
Instrumental licit
taking valium with a prescription for anxiety relief
instrumental illicit
taking amphetamines without a prescription to help stay awake
recreational licit
drinking alcohol at dinner to relax
recreational illicit
smoking marijuana to get high
protective factors
person’s choice to not use drugs (morals, fear, illegal, religion)
risk factors
reasons people take drugs (genetics, health, stress, age, gender)
What percent of the worlds population use illicit drugs?
5.5%
What countries use the most opioids
Serbia, US, Nigeria, Australia, Iran
What countries use the most prescription stimulants
US, Costa Rica, Brazil, New Zealand, Bolivia
What countries use the most alcohol?
Moldova, Lithuania, Czechia, Seychelles, US
What percent of the worlds are used in the US
65%
What is the leading cause of death for 18-49 yr olds in the US?
Overdose
What illicit drug is used the most by people over 12 in the US
E-cigarettes
What drug is used by most high-school students
Marijuana
How role does gender play in use
Males are more likely than females to use drugs
What role does age play in drug use
ages 21-25 report the highest rate of illicit drug use
What role does ethnicity play in drug use
Asians report the least drug use, followed by Hispanic and Latino, Whites, American Indians and Blacks, two or more races
Schedule I
the most dangerous drugs with the highest potential for abuse and no medical use (heroin, marijuana, LSD, MDMA, peyote, GHB)
Schedule II
High abuse potential with some medical use; may have severe restrictions on use (cocaine, PCP, methamphetamine, aderall, opium, morphine)
Schedule III
medium potential for abuse with medical uses; abuse of these drugs can lead to low or moderate physical dependence but high psychological dependence (anabolic steroids, narcotic solutions, Vicodin, ketamine)
Schedule IV
low abuse potential with medical use (benzodiazepines[valium,xanax, Ativan], prescription sleep aids)
Schedule V
lowest abuse potential with medical uses (cough medicines, antidiarrheals)
Depressants
depress the central nervous system activity leading to decreased physiological activity and sedation (alcohol, barbituates, sleep aids)
Stimulants
stimulate the CNS leading to increases in physiological processes and motor behavior (cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines)
Narcotics
drugs that are opium derivatives and/or bind to opiate receptors; relieve pain
Analgesic
substances that relieve pain (codeine, fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone)
Hallucinogens
substances that alter perception/ consciousness (psychedelics[LSD, psilocybin], dissociatives[PCP, ketamine, salvia), delirants)
Cannabinoids
complex behavioral aspects (marijuana)
Drug Naming
upon discovery, a drug is given a chemical name, after a patent is applied for the drug is given a generic name and a brand name
Chemical Name
described molecular structure of the drug
generic name
official, nonproprietary designation
trade name
proprietary, chosen by the manufacturer of the drug
Monitoring the Future Survey
ongoing study of the behaviors, attitudes, and values of American Youth; 2020 results - Nicotine vaping has remained steady but is still high, Marijuana vaping remains study but daily use increased, Alcohol use declined, Amphetamines Inhalants and cough medicine misuse increased among 8th grader,
How are new drugs developed?
Preclinical trials(up to 10 yrs) begins with drug discovery and moves to animal testing; an IND application is filed and if approved; Clinical trials (6-7yrs) Phase 1 safety is tested with 20-100 volunteers, Phase 2 efficacy is tested with 100-500 volunteers, Phase 3 more information is collected regarding safety, efficacy, interactions, and Pharmacokinetics with 1,000 or more volunteers; a NDA application is filed and if approved; FDA review (0.5-2yrs) the FDA the application, labeling and manufacturing; if the FDA approves the drug is released and postmarking monitoring occurs indefinitely
