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General Chemistry I > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

biomass conversion

A

the process of applying chemical and biological methods to convert plant or animal matter into fuels

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2
Q

calorie (cal)

A

a unit of energy defined as exactly 4.184 joules; originally defined as the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C (from 14.5°C to 15.5°C)

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3
Q

calorimeter

A

a device used to measure the heat released or absorbed by a physical or chemical process taking place within it

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4
Q

change in enthalpy (delta H)

A

the change in the system’s internal energy plus the product of the constant pressure and the change in volume: ΔH = ΔE + PΔV; alternatively, the heat lost or gained at constant pressure: ΔH = qP.

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5
Q

coal gasification

A

an industrial process for altering the large molecules in coal to sulfur-free gaseous fuels

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6
Q

endothermic process

A

a process that occurs with an absorption of heat from the surroundings and therefore an increase in the enthalpy of the system (ΔH > 0)

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7
Q

enthalpy

A

a thermodynamic quantity that is equal to the system’s internal energy plus the product of the pressure and volume

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8
Q

enthalpy diagram

A

a graphic depiction of the enthalpy change of a system

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9
Q

exothermic process

A

a process that occurs with a release of heat to the surroundings and therefore a decrease in the enthalpy of the system (ΔH < 0

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10
Q

formation equation

A

an equation in which 1 mole of a compound forms from its elements

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11
Q

fossil fuel

A

any fuel, including coal, petroleum, and natural gas, derived from the products of the decay of dead organisms

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12
Q

heat (q)

A

the energy transferred between objects because of a difference in their temperatures only

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13
Q

heat capacity (C)

A

the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of an object by 1 K

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14
Q

Hess’ Law

A

a law stating that the enthalpy change of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes of the individual steps

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15
Q

internal energy (E)

A

the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the particles in a system

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16
Q

joule (J)

A

the SI unit of energy; 1 J = 1 kg · m2/s2

17
Q

law of conservation of energy (first law of thermodynamics)

A

a basic observation that the total energy of the universe is constant; thus, ΔEuniverse = ΔEsystem + ΔEsurroundings = 0

18
Q

methanogenesis

A

the process of producing methane by anaerobic biodegradation of plant and animal waste

19
Q

molar heat capacity (Cm)

A

the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 mol of a substance by 1 K

20
Q

photovoltaic cell

A

a device capable of converting light directly into electricity

21
Q

pressure-volume work (PV work)

A

a type of mechanical work done when a volume change occurs against an external pressure

22
Q

specific heat capacity (c)

A

the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance or material by 1 K

23
Q

standard enthalpy of formation

A

the enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a compound forms from its elements with all components in their standard states

24
Q

standard enthalpy of reaction

A

the enthalpy change that occurs during a reaction when all components are in their standard states

25
Q

standard state

A

a set of specific conditions used to compare thermodynamic data: 1 atm for gases behaving ideally, 1 M for dissolved species, or the pure substance for liquids and solids

26
Q

state function

A

a property of a system determined only by the system’s current state, regardless of how it arrived at that state

27
Q

surroundings

A

all parts of the universe other than the system being considered

28
Q

system

A

the defined part of the universe under study

29
Q

thermochemical equation

A

a balanced chemical equation that includes the enthalpy change for the reaction

30
Q

thermochemistry

A

the branch of thermodynamics that focuses on the heat involved in chemical and physical change

31
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy and its transformations

32
Q

work (w)

A

the energy transferred when an object is moved by a force

General Chemistry I (12 decks)

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