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General Chemistry I > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

accuracy

A

the closeness of a measurement to the actual value

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2
Q

base unit

A

a unit that defines the standard for one of the seven physical quantities in the International System of Units (SI

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3
Q

calibration

A

the process of correcting for systematic error of a measuring device by comparing it to a known standard

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4
Q

celsius scale

A

a temperature scale in which the freezing and boiling points of water are defined as 0°C and 100°C, respectively

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5
Q

chemical change

A

a change in which one or more substances are converted into one or more substances with different composition and properties

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6
Q

chemical property

A

a characteristic of a substance that appears as it interacts with, or transforms into, other substances

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7
Q

chemistry

A

the scientific study of matter and its properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy associated with those changes

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8
Q

combustion

A

the process of burning in air, often with release of heat and light

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9
Q

composition

A

the types and amounts of simpler substances that make up a sample of matter

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10
Q

controlled experiment

A

an experiment that measures the effect of one variable at a time by keeping other variables constant

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11
Q

conversion factor

A

a ratio of equivalent quantities that is equal to 1 and used to express a quantity in different units

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12
Q

cubic meter

A

the derived SI unit of volume

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13
Q

data

A

pieces of quantitative information obtained by observation

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14
Q

density

A

an intensive physical property of a substance at a given temperature and pressure, defined as the ratio of the mass to the volume: d = m/V; liquids and solids use g/cm^3; gases us g/L

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15
Q

derived unit

A

any of various combinations of the seven SI base units

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16
Q

dimensional analysis

A

a calculation method in which arithmetic steps are accompanied by canceling units that represent physical dimensions

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17
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work, that is, to move matter

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18
Q

exact number

A

a quantity, usually obtained by counting or based on a unit definition, that has no uncertainty associated with it and, therefore, contains as many significant figures as a calculation requires

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19
Q

experiment

A

a set of procedural steps that tests a hypothesis

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20
Q

extensive property

A

property, such as mass, that depends on the quantity of substance present; depends on the EXTENT of the sample size

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21
Q

gas

A

a gas fills its container regardless of the shape because its particles are far apart

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22
Q

heat

A

the energy transferred between objects because of a difference in their temperatures only

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23
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable proposal made to explain an observation. if inconsistent with experimental results, a hypothesis is revised or discarded

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24
Q

intensive property

A

a property, such as density, that does not depend on the quantity of substance present

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25
kelvin (absolute) scale
the preferred temperature scale in scientific work, which has absolute zero (0 K, or − 273.15°C) as the lowest temperature
26
kelvin (K)
the SI base unit of temperature. the kelvin is the same size as the Celsius degree
27
kilogram (kg)
the SI base unit of mass, only base unit with a prefix
28
kinetic energy
the energy an object has because of its motion
29
liquid
a liquid fills a container to the extent of its own volume and thus forms a surface
30
liter (L)
a non-SI unit of volume equivalent to 1 cubic decimeter (0.001 m3)
31
mass
the quantity of matter an object contains. balances are designed to measure mass
32
matter
anything that possesses mass and occupies volume
33
meter (m)
the SI base unit of length
34
milliliter (mL)
a volume (0.001 L) equivalent to 1 cm3
35
model (theory)
a simplified conceptual picture based on experiment that explains how a natural phenomenon occurs
36
natural law
a summary, often in mathematical form, of a universal observation
36
natural law
a summary, often in mathematical form, of a universal observation
37
observation
a fact obtained with the senses, often with the aid of instruments. quantitative observations provide data that can be compared
38
physical change
a change in which the physical form (or state) of a substance, but not its composition, is altered
39
physical change
a change in which the physical form (or state) of a substance, but not its composition, is altered
40
physical property
characteristic shown by a substance itself, without interacting with or changing into other substances
41
potential energy
the energy an object has as a result of its position relative to other objects or because of its composition
42
precision
the closeness of a measurement to other measurements of the same phenomenon in a series of experiments
43
property
a characteristic that gives a substance its unique identity
44
random error
error that occurs in all measurements (with its size depending on the measurer’s skill and the instrument’s precision) and results in values both higher and lower than the actual value
45
round off
the process of removing digits based on a series of rules to obtain an answer with the proper number of significant figures (or decimal places
46
scientific method
a process of creative proposals and testing aimed at objective, verifiable discoveries of the causes of natural events
47
second
the SI base unit of time
48
SI unit
a unit composed of one or more of the base units of the Système International d’Unités, a revised form of the metric system
49
significant figures
the digits obtained in a measurement. the greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty of the measurement
50
solid
one of the three states of matter. a solid has a fixed shape that does not conform to the container shape
51
state of matter
one of the three physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, or gas
52
systematic error
r type of error producing values that are all either higher or lower than the actual value, often caused by faulty equipment or a consistent flaw in technique
53
temperature (T)
a measure of how hot or cold a substance is relative to another substance. a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample
54
thermometer
a device for measuring temperature that contains a fluid that expands or contracts within a graduated tube
54
thermometer
a device for measuring temperature that contains a fluid that expands or contracts within a graduated tube
55
uncertainty
a characteristic of every measurement that results from the inexactness of the measuring device and the need to estimate when taking a reading
56
variable
a quantity that can have more than a single value.
57
volume (V)
the amount of space occupied by a sample of matter
58
weight
the force that is exerted by a gravitational field on an object and is directly proportional to the object’s mass
59
macroscopic properties
can be measured directly (eg. taking a pH)
60
submicroscopic
cannot be measured directly, determined indirectly (eg. too small numbers for our devices, like how no one has measured the mass of an electron)
61
kilo
k 10^3 1km=1x10^3m
62
centi
c 10^-2 100cm=1m
63
milli
m 10^-3 1000mm=1m
64
micro
mu 10^-6 10^6mum=1m
65
nano
n 10^-9 10^9nm=1m
66
10^10 oA
=1m

General Chemistry I (12 decks)

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