Chapter 4

Question 1

acid

Answer 1

in common laboratory terms, any species that produces H+ ions when dissolved in water

Question 2

acid base reaction (neutralization)

Answer 2

any reaction between an acid and a base

Question 3

activity series of the metals

Answer 3

a listing of metals arranged in order of decreasing strength of the metal as a reducing agent in aqueous reactions

Question 4

base

Answer 4

any species that produces OH− ions when dissolved in water

Question 5

concentration

Answer 5

a measure of the quantity of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solution (or of solvent)

Question 6

dynamic equilibrium

Answer 6

the condition at which the forward and reverse reactions are taking place at the same rate, so there is no net change in the amounts of reactants or products

Question 7

electrolyte

Answer 7

a mixture of ions, in which the electrodes of an electrochemical cell are immersed, that conducts a current

Question 8

end point

Answer 8

the point in a titration at which the indicator changes color permanently

Question 9

equivalence point

Answer 9

the point in a titration when the number of moles of the added species is stoichiometrically equivalent to the original number of moles of the other species

Question 10

hydronium ion

Answer 10

a proton covalently bonded to a water molecul

Question 10

metathesis reaction

Answer 10

a reaction in which atoms or ions of two compounds exchange bonding partners. precipitation and acid-base reactions are example

Question 11

molarity (M)

Answer 11

a unit of concentration expressed as the moles of solute dissolved in 1 L of solution

Question 12

net ionic equation

Answer 12

a chemical equation of a reaction in solution in which spectator ions have been eliminated to show the actual chemical change

Question 13

molecular equation

Answer 13

a chemical equation showing a reaction in solution in which reactants and products appear as intact, undissociated compounds

Question 14

non electrolyte

Answer 14

a substance whose aqueous solution does not conduct an electric current

Question 15

oxidation

Answer 15

the loss of electrons by a species, accompanied by an increase in oxidation number

Question 16

oxidation number

Answer 16

a number equal to the magnitude of the charge an atom would have if its shared electrons were transferred to the atom that attracts them more strongly

Question 17

oxidation/reduction reaction (redox)

Answer 17

a process in which there is a net movement of electrons from one reactant (reducing agent) to another (oxidizing agent)

Question 18

oxidizing agent

Answer 18

the substance that accepts electrons in a reaction and undergoes a decrease in oxidation number

Question 18

polar molecule

Answer 18

a molecule with an unequal distribution of charge as a result of its polar bonds and shape

Question 19

precipitate

Answer 19

the insoluble product of a precipitation reaction

Question 20

precipitation reaction

Answer 20

a reaction in which two soluble ionic compounds form an insoluble product, a precipitate

Question 21

reducing agent

Answer 21

the substance that donates electrons in a redox reaction and undergoes an increase in oxidation number

Question 22

reduction

Answer 22

the gain of electrons by a species, accompanied by a decrease in oxidation number

Question 22

salt

Answer 22

an ionic compound that results from an acid-base reaction after solvent is removed

Question 23

solute

Answer 23

the substance that dissolves in the solvent

Question 24

solvated

Answer 24

surrounded closely by solvent molecules

Question 25

solvent

Answer 25

the substance in which one or more solutes dissolve

Question 26

spectator ion

Answer 26

an ion that is present as part of a reactant but is not involved in the chemical change

Question 27

titration

Answer 27

a method of determining the concentration of a solution by monitoring the amount of a solution of known concentration needed to react with it

Question 28

total ionic equation

Answer 28

an equation for an aqueous reaction that shows all the soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions