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General Chemistry I > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

amorphous solid

A

a solid that has a poorly defined shape because its particles do not have an orderly arrangement throughout a sample

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2
Q

atomic solid

A

a solid consisting of individual atoms held together by dispersion forces; the frozen noble gases are the only examples

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3
Q

band theory

A

an extension of molecular orbital (MO) theory that explains many properties of metals and other solids—in particular, the differences in conductivity of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals

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4
Q

body-centered cubic unit cell

A

a unit cell in which a particle lies at each corner and in the center of a cube

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5
Q

boiling point

A

the temperature at which the vapor pressure inside bubbles forming in a liquid equals the external (atmospheric) pressure

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6
Q

branch

A

a side chain appended to a polymer backbone or to the longest sequence of atoms in an organic compound

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7
Q

capillarity

A

the rising of a liquid through a narrow space against the pull of gravity

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8
Q

ceramic

A

a nonmetallic, nonpolymeric solid that is hardened by heating it to high temperatures and, in most cases, consists of silicate microcrystals suspended in a glassy cementing medium

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9
Q

Clausius-clapeyron equation

A

An equation that expresses the linear relationship between vapor pressure P of a liquid and temperature T;

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10
Q

condensation

A

the process of a gas changing into a liquid

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11
Q

conduction band

A

in band theory, the empty, higher energy portion of the band of molecular orbitals into which electrons move when conducting heat and electricity

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12
Q

conductor

A

a substance (usually a metal) that conducts an electric current well

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13
Q

coordination number

A

in a crystal, the number of nearest neighbors surrounding a particle. In a complex ion, the number of ligand atoms bonded to the central metal ion

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14
Q

copolymer

A

a polymer that consists of two or more types of monomer

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15
Q

critical point

A

the point on a phase diagram above which the vapor cannot be condensed to a liquid; the end of the liquid-gas curve

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16
Q

crosslink

A

a branch that covalently joins one polymer chain to another

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17
Q

crystal defect

A

any of a variety of disruptions in the regularity of a crystal structure

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18
Q

crystalline solid

A

a solid with a well-defined shape because of the orderly arrangement of the atoms, molecules, or ions

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19
Q

cubic closet packing

A

a crystal structure based on the face-centered cubic unit cell in which the layers have an abcabc . . . pattern

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20
Q

degree of polymerization (n)

A

the number of repeat units in a polymer chain

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21
Q

deposition

A

the process of changing directly from a gas to a solid

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22
Q

dipole-dipole force

A

the intermolecular attraction between oppositely charged poles of nearby polar molecules

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23
Q

dispersion (London) force

A

the intermolecular attraction between all particles as a result of instantaneous polarizations of their electron clouds; the intermolecular force primarily responsible for the condensed states of nonpolar substances

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24
Q

doping

A

adding small amounts of other elements into the crystal structure of a semiconductor to enhance a specific property, usually conductivity

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25
elastomer
a polymeric material that can be stretched and springs back to its original shape when released
26
face-centered cubic unit cell
a unit cell in which a particle occurs at each corner and in the center of each face of a cube
27
freezing
the process of cooling a liquid until it solidifies
28
heat of fusion
the enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a solid substance melts
29
heat of sublimation
the enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a solid substance changes directly to a gas. the sum of the heats of fusion and vaporization
30
heat of vaporization
the enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a liquid substance vaporizes
31
heating-cooling curve
a plot of temperature vs. time for a sample when heat is absorbed or released at a constant rate
32
hexagonal closet packing
a crystal structure based on the hexagonal unit cell in which the layers have an abab . . . pattern
33
hydrogen bond
a type of dipole-dipole force that arises between molecules that have an H atom bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom with lone pairs, usually N, O, or F
34
insulator
a substance (usually a nonmetal) that does not conduct an electric current
35
intermolecular forces
the attractive and repulsive forces among the particles—molecules, atoms, or ions—in a sample of matter
36
ion-dipole force
the intermolecular attractive force between an ion and a polar molecule (dipole)
37
ionic solid
a solid whose unit cell contains cations and anions
38
lattice
the three-dimensional arrangement of points created by choosing each point to be at the same location within each particle of a crystal; thus, the lattice consists of all points with identical surroundings
39
liquid crystal
a substance that flows like a liquid but packs like a crystalline solid at the molecular level
40
melting (fusion)
the change of a substance from a solid to a liquid
41
melting point
the temperature at which the solid and liquid forms of a substance are at equilibrium
42
metallic solid
a solid whose individual atoms are held together by metallic bonding
43
molecular solid
a solid held together by intermolecular forces between individual molecules
44
monomer
a small molecule, linked covalently to others of the same or similar type to form a polymer; the repeat unit of the polymer
45
nanotechnology
the science and engineering of nanoscale systems (size range of 1–100 nm)
46
network covalent solid
a solid in which all the atoms are bonded covalently so that individual molecules are not present
47
packing efficiency
the percentage of the total volume occupied by atoms, ions, or molecules in a unit cell
48
phase
a physically distinct and homogeneous part of a system
49
phase change
a physical change from one phase to another, usually referring to a change in physical state
50
phase diagram
a diagram used to describe the stable phases and phase changes of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure
51
plastic
a material that, when deformed, retains its new shape
52
polarizability
the ease with which a particle’s electron cloud can be distorted
53
polymer (macromolecule)
an extremely large molecule that results from the covalent linking of many simpler molecular units (monomers
54
radius of gyration
a measure of the size of a coiled polymer chain, expressed as the average distance from the center of mass of the chain to its outside edge
55
random coil
the shape adopted by most polymer chains and caused by random rotation about the bonds joining the repeat units
56
scanning tunneling microscopy
an instrumental technique that uses electrons moving across a minute gap to observe the topography of a surface on the atomic scale
57
semiconductor
a substance whose electrical conductivity is poor at room temperature but increases significantly with rising temperature
58
simple cubic unit cell
a unit cell in which a particle occupies each corner of a cube
59
sublimation
the process by which a solid changes directly into a gas
60
superconductivity
the ability to conduct a current with no loss of energy to resistive heating
61
surface tension
the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount
62
triple point
the pressure and temperature at which three phases of a substance are in equilibrium. In a phase diagram, the point at which three phase-transition curves meet
63
unit cell
the smallest portion of a crystal that, if repeated in all three directions, yields the crystal
64
valence band
in band theory, the lower energy portion of the band of molecular orbitals, which is filled with valence electrons
65
van der Waals radius
one-half of the closest distance between the nuclei of identical nonbonded atoms
66
vapor pressure
the pressure exerted by a vapor at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system
67
vaporization
the process of changing from a liquid to a gas
68
viscosity
a measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow
69
xray diffraction analysis
an instrumental technique used to determine dimensions of a crystal structure by measuring the diffraction patterns caused by x-rays impinging on the crystal

General Chemistry I (12 decks)

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