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General Chemistry I > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

amorphous solid

A

a solid that has a poorly defined shape because its particles do not have an orderly arrangement throughout a sample

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2
Q

atomic solid

A

a solid consisting of individual atoms held together by dispersion forces; the frozen noble gases are the only examples

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3
Q

band theory

A

an extension of molecular orbital (MO) theory that explains many properties of metals and other solids—in particular, the differences in conductivity of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals

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4
Q

body-centered cubic unit cell

A

a unit cell in which a particle lies at each corner and in the center of a cube

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5
Q

boiling point

A

the temperature at which the vapor pressure inside bubbles forming in a liquid equals the external (atmospheric) pressure

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6
Q

branch

A

a side chain appended to a polymer backbone or to the longest sequence of atoms in an organic compound

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7
Q

capillarity

A

the rising of a liquid through a narrow space against the pull of gravity

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8
Q

ceramic

A

a nonmetallic, nonpolymeric solid that is hardened by heating it to high temperatures and, in most cases, consists of silicate microcrystals suspended in a glassy cementing medium

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9
Q

Clausius-clapeyron equation

A

An equation that expresses the linear relationship between vapor pressure P of a liquid and temperature T;

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10
Q

condensation

A

the process of a gas changing into a liquid

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11
Q

conduction band

A

in band theory, the empty, higher energy portion of the band of molecular orbitals into which electrons move when conducting heat and electricity

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12
Q

conductor

A

a substance (usually a metal) that conducts an electric current well

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13
Q

coordination number

A

in a crystal, the number of nearest neighbors surrounding a particle. In a complex ion, the number of ligand atoms bonded to the central metal ion

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14
Q

copolymer

A

a polymer that consists of two or more types of monomer

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15
Q

critical point

A

the point on a phase diagram above which the vapor cannot be condensed to a liquid; the end of the liquid-gas curve

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16
Q

crosslink

A

a branch that covalently joins one polymer chain to another

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17
Q

crystal defect

A

any of a variety of disruptions in the regularity of a crystal structure

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18
Q

crystalline solid

A

a solid with a well-defined shape because of the orderly arrangement of the atoms, molecules, or ions

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19
Q

cubic closet packing

A

a crystal structure based on the face-centered cubic unit cell in which the layers have an abcabc . . . pattern

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20
Q

degree of polymerization (n)

A

the number of repeat units in a polymer chain

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21
Q

deposition

A

the process of changing directly from a gas to a solid

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22
Q

dipole-dipole force

A

the intermolecular attraction between oppositely charged poles of nearby polar molecules

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23
Q

dispersion (London) force

A

the intermolecular attraction between all particles as a result of instantaneous polarizations of their electron clouds; the intermolecular force primarily responsible for the condensed states of nonpolar substances

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24
Q

doping

A

adding small amounts of other elements into the crystal structure of a semiconductor to enhance a specific property, usually conductivity

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25
Q

elastomer

A

a polymeric material that can be stretched and springs back to its original shape when released

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26
Q

face-centered cubic unit cell

A

a unit cell in which a particle occurs at each corner and in the center of each face of a cube

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27
Q

freezing

A

the process of cooling a liquid until it solidifies

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28
Q

heat of fusion

A

the enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a solid substance melts

29
Q

heat of sublimation

A

the enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a solid substance changes directly to a gas. the sum of the heats of fusion and vaporization

30
Q

heat of vaporization

A

the enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a liquid substance vaporizes

31
Q

heating-cooling curve

A

a plot of temperature vs. time for a sample when heat is absorbed or released at a constant rate

32
Q

hexagonal closet packing

A

a crystal structure based on the hexagonal unit cell in which the layers have an abab . . . pattern

33
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a type of dipole-dipole force that arises between molecules that have an H atom bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom with lone pairs, usually N, O, or F

34
Q

insulator

A

a substance (usually a nonmetal) that does not conduct an electric current

35
Q

intermolecular forces

A

the attractive and repulsive forces among the particles—molecules, atoms, or ions—in a sample of matter

36
Q

ion-dipole force

A

the intermolecular attractive force between an ion and a polar molecule (dipole)

37
Q

ionic solid

A

a solid whose unit cell contains cations and anions

38
Q

lattice

A

the three-dimensional arrangement of points created by choosing each point to be at the same location within each particle of a crystal; thus, the lattice consists of all points with identical surroundings

39
Q

liquid crystal

A

a substance that flows like a liquid but packs like a crystalline solid at the molecular level

40
Q

melting (fusion)

A

the change of a substance from a solid to a liquid

41
Q

melting point

A

the temperature at which the solid and liquid forms of a substance are at equilibrium

42
Q

metallic solid

A

a solid whose individual atoms are held together by metallic bonding

43
Q

molecular solid

A

a solid held together by intermolecular forces between individual molecules

44
Q

monomer

A

a small molecule, linked covalently to others of the same or similar type to form a polymer; the repeat unit of the polymer

45
Q

nanotechnology

A

the science and engineering of nanoscale systems (size range of 1–100 nm)

46
Q

network covalent solid

A

a solid in which all the atoms are bonded covalently so that individual molecules are not present

47
Q

packing efficiency

A

the percentage of the total volume occupied by atoms, ions, or molecules in a unit cell

48
Q

phase

A

a physically distinct and homogeneous part of a system

49
Q

phase change

A

a physical change from one phase to another, usually referring to a change in physical state

50
Q

phase diagram

A

a diagram used to describe the stable phases and phase changes of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure

51
Q

plastic

A

a material that, when deformed, retains its new shape

52
Q

polarizability

A

the ease with which a particle’s electron cloud can be distorted

53
Q

polymer (macromolecule)

A

an extremely large molecule that results from the covalent linking of many simpler molecular units (monomers

54
Q

radius of gyration

A

a measure of the size of a coiled polymer chain, expressed as the average distance from the center of mass of the chain to its outside edge

55
Q

random coil

A

the shape adopted by most polymer chains and caused by random rotation about the bonds joining the repeat units

56
Q

scanning tunneling microscopy

A

an instrumental technique that uses electrons moving across a minute gap to observe the topography of a surface on the atomic scale

57
Q

semiconductor

A

a substance whose electrical conductivity is poor at room temperature but increases significantly with rising temperature

58
Q

simple cubic unit cell

A

a unit cell in which a particle occupies each corner of a cube

59
Q

sublimation

A

the process by which a solid changes directly into a gas

60
Q

superconductivity

A

the ability to conduct a current with no loss of energy to resistive heating

61
Q

surface tension

A

the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount

62
Q

triple point

A

the pressure and temperature at which three phases of a substance are in equilibrium. In a phase diagram, the point at which three phase-transition curves meet

63
Q

unit cell

A

the smallest portion of a crystal that, if repeated in all three directions, yields the crystal

64
Q

valence band

A

in band theory, the lower energy portion of the band of molecular orbitals, which is filled with valence electrons

65
Q

van der Waals radius

A

one-half of the closest distance between the nuclei of identical nonbonded atoms

66
Q

vapor pressure

A

the pressure exerted by a vapor at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system

67
Q

vaporization

A

the process of changing from a liquid to a gas

68
Q

viscosity

A

a measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow

69
Q

xray diffraction analysis

A

an instrumental technique used to determine dimensions of a crystal structure by measuring the diffraction patterns caused by x-rays impinging on the crystal

General Chemistry I (12 decks)

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