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Social Psychology: > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Social influence?

A

The ability of a group to influence social behavior.

  • But sometimes it’s a person doing the influencing (e.g, Milgram’s obedience; persuasion in chapter 7)
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2
Q

What is conformity?

A
  • The definition has multiple parts.

- The change in behavior or belief to accord with others.

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3
Q

What has to exist for the idea of conformity to exist?

A

the idea of group pressure.

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4
Q

What are the three variations of conformity?

A
  1. ) Acceptance
  2. ) Compliance
    - subset of compliance is obedience:
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5
Q

What is acceptance:

A

“Inward conformity” - it is a change in behavior and also one’s internal beliefs. One acts and believes in what the group suggests, expects or demands.

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6
Q

What is compliance:

A
  • also called “outward conformity”

- it is a change in behavior to go along with the group, but without an internal change in beliefs.

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7
Q

What is obedience and what is it a subset of?

A
  • It is a subset of compliance.
  • Fits the definition of compliance plus…
    Compliance but to specific requests or demands from a legitimate authority figure.
  • MUST BE A DIRECT COMMAND.
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8
Q

Explain the personality center theory of conformity?

A
  • These theories say: Conformity comes from inside the person – an inside-to-outside process
  • You conform because you are a “conformist”.
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9
Q

What are the implications of the personality center theory of conformity?

A
  • Weaknesses in this approach
  • Inconsistent data/failure to replicate
  • People who conform aren’t maladjusted or defective. - - Conformity is normal… we all do it at times.. And it’s rarely pathological.

In other words, these personality-centered theories ignored the premier principle of social psychology!

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10
Q
  • Instead, conformity is often _______ and not a personality trait.
A

situation specific

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11
Q

The more insecure about our judgements, the more likely…..?

A

We are to conform.

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12
Q

Conformity is higher when we are in private?

T/F

A

False, it is highest when we are in public.

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13
Q

What group size elicits max conformity?

A

3-5

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14
Q

How does the agreement of many small groups affect conformity?`

A

it increases it.

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15
Q

What does unamity refer to?

A
  • other people offer a differing opinion, even if it if different that yours, increase the likelihood of anit-conformance.
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16
Q

What does cohesion refer to?

A
  • People within our group sway us more than those out of the group, even if we are both minorities.
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17
Q

What is an example of cohesion?

A

a heterosexual explaining why homosexuals deserve better representation better resonates with you (a heterosexual) and therefore you are more likely to listen to someone in your group even if the out group is a gay petitioning for their rights.

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18
Q

The more cohesive a group….?

A

the more powerful their influence is to other members within the group.

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19
Q

Higher status individuals…?

A

Are less likely to conform.

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20
Q

An experimenter of greater prestige.?

A

increases conformity.

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21
Q

How do prior commitments affect comformance?

A

After making a public statement or commitment, people are more likely to conform.
Ex: people making public pledges to loose weight, have a greater chance of loosing weight.

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22
Q

The two group centered theories tell us what about conformity?

A

Why we conform.

23
Q

What are the two group centered theories on conformity?

A
  • Informational influence:

- Normative influence:

24
Q

Explain informational influence:

A

1.) Informational social influence
Conformity is based on:
(a) the group’s credibility and
(b) one’s desire to be correct.

It occurs when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people who are credible, coupled with our desire to be right in our judgments.

This generates the type of conformity we saw before called private acceptance.

25
Q

Explain normative influence:

A

Conformity is based on:
(a) the power of the group to reward and punish and

(b) one’s natural desire to be concerned about our image to the group; to avoid social punishment and fulfill others’ expectations of us, usually to gain acceptance and be liked by the group.

This generates compliance

Example: Schachter’s “Johnny Rocco ‘’ study: demonstrated what we all know: deviants are ostracized.

26
Q

What types of individuals conform?

A
  • people who are higher in agreeableness.

- People with high levels of openness to experience

27
Q

What two things shape behavior?

A
  • personality and the situation.
28
Q

What type of culture is more likely to conform?

A

collectivist.

29
Q

Why do groups demand conformity? And why to such an extreme degree sometimes?

A

“Group locomotion hypothesis”
The group is like a centipede
Groups by definition are coalitions who get together to achieve goals. But if someone is a deviant, that screws up the direction of the group.

30
Q

What was the purpose of the Asch study?

A

Asch’s experiments that showed the power of someone’s non-conformity (dissent by a “deviant”) on the subsequent conformity and non-conformity of others.

31
Q

Give a run down of the Asch study?

A
  • The real subject told experiment is on perceptual judgment.
  • There were several confederates who occasionally gave clearly incorrect answers on line length
  • The Research question was: Would the real participant agree with the majority( I.e., conform) even if he knew it was the incorrect answer?

Yes, about 35% of the time
And 65% of all subjects conformed to a knowingly-wrong answer at least once.

AN IMPORTANT NOTE: There was no explicit pressure to comply. SO these pressures can be both subtle (Asch) but sometimes powerful (real world pressures from others to wear or not wear a mask.)

32
Q

What was the purpose of Milgram’s studies?

A

To test the effects of obedience.

33
Q
  • What happens if the victim wants out? What if he cries out in pain and demands to quit the experiment?
A
  • These are not “fear and tremblings” things
    Please continue
  • The experiment requires that you continue
  • It is absolutely essential that you continue
  • You have no other choice, you must go on.
34
Q

What were the five experimental conditions of Milgram’s study?

A
  1. ) Pilot study: no feedback from learner
  2. ) No voice/ remote feedback ( pounds in protest @ 300 V; then nothing)
  3. ) Voice feedback with voice from victim (vocal protest): you could tell the teacher how much pain you were in.
  4. ) Voice proximity: You are in the same room, but separated. Which makes it harder to deny the pain.

5.) Touch proximity: The test subject then has to pull his hand out of the glove and touch the shock plate directly, while the teacher holds it down.
Once the teacher hits 330 volts you begin to hear pounding, and as it continues until it halts, causes the teacher to stop.

35
Q

What did Milgram discover about the effects of distance of the learner in the trial?

A

Emotional Distance: Obedience is greater with depersonalized victims.
When the victim is physically remote, perhaps because he/she becomes emotionally remote and can be more an abstraction than a person.

36
Q

What did Milgram discover about the effects of distance of the experimenter in the trial?

A

Physical closeness of the authority increases obedience; distance decreases it (telephone) (21% vs. 62%)

37
Q

What did Milgram discover about the effects of the legitimacy of the experimenter from the trial?

A

Legitimacy or status of the authority increases obedience (21% vs. 62%).
Yale vs. “private industry” (read p. 67) (48% vs. 62%)

38
Q

What did Milgram discover about the effects of conservatives filling in as teachers and disobeying the experimenter?

A

When disobedient peers (models) quit the experiment it lowered obedience dramatically ( 10% vs. 62%)

39
Q

Give a basic overview of the Sherif’s study?

A
  • used lights in a dark room to test how individuals and groups differed in the conformity to guesstimating the distance of the light.
40
Q

What did Sherif’s study prove?

A

Our view of reality is not ours alone. When one coughs, yawns or laughs- others follow suit.

41
Q

What neurological discovery suggests why we mimic others?

A
  • Mirrored neurons.
42
Q

What is mood linkage?

A

Being around happy people generally makes you happy.

43
Q

What is the chameleon effect?

A

Mimicking someone else’s behavior

44
Q

Why do people generally mimic others?

A

it helps people look more likeable.

45
Q

What is the exception to mimicry and likeness?

A

imitation fosters fondness rule: mimicking others anger fosters disliking.

46
Q

What is mimicry on a large scale called?

A

Mass hysteria.

- ex: story of the Lexus accelerator.

47
Q

What 4 factors breed obedience?

A
  1. ) emotional distance
  2. ) authority’s closeness
  3. ) whether the authority belonged to a respective institution.
  4. ) The liberating effects of a disobedient fellow participant.
48
Q

What is true of situations in which external influences override inner convictions?

A

attitudes fail to determine behavior.

49
Q

Saying in a hypothetical situation is easier than…

A

doing

50
Q

The most terrible evil comes from…

A

a small sequence of little evils.

51
Q

How do social roles tie into conformity?

A

their are norms associated with our social roles that require conforming to properly carry out those roles.

52
Q

What is reactance?

A

people act to protect their sense of freedom- this is supported by experiments showing that attempts to restrict a persons freedom often produces an anti conformer.

ex: We’re more likely to eat healthy when others do (normative influence)—but not when we’re lectured about how healthy it is

53
Q

What kind of uniqueness do humans strive for?

A
  • moderate uniqueness
  • higher uniqueness = less conforming
  • Be different but better than average.

Social Psychology: (11 decks)

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