Chapter 12: Helping

Question 1

What is alturisim?

Answer 1

• Helping others at the cost of your own integrity.
• Concerned and interested in helping regardless when no benefits are offered in return.
• ex: the parable of The Good Samaritan.

Question 2

How is altruism interpreted in social psychology?

Answer 2

• “helping someone without conscious regard for one’s own self-interest”.. in other words… you do something nice and ask nothing in return.

Question 3

What is social economics?

Answer 3

We exchange material, goods, and money but also social goods-love, services, information, status.

Question 4

What does social economics claim regarding costs and rewards?

Answer 4

• minimize costs.

- maximize rewards.

Question 5

Describe the social exchange theory, what concept is deeply rooted in this thoery?

Answer 5

• social economics is deeply rooted in this concept.
• The theory itself claims that we don’t consciously monitor the minimizations of costs and maximize our rewards, but such considerations can predict our behavior.
• implicit system 1 calculation.

Question 6

The rewards from the social exchange theory can be split into (x) sections and those are?

Answer 6

1.) Internal rewards: rewards that are centered around increasing positive emotions
vs.
2.) external rewards: rewards centered around changing others opinions of yourself or to improve your “clout”.

Question 7

What is the “do good/ feel good effect”/ and what kind of motivation does the internal motivation theory embody?

Answer 7

• The internal motivation theory embodies the internal motivation.
• Do good feel good effect: feeling good often makes oneself feel good and can explain why people may do good far from home.

Question 8

Is the Feel-bad-do-good effect as valid as the do good/ feel good effect”

Answer 8

nada, the feel bad do good effect is only true sometimes.

Question 9

How does helping effect emotions?

Answer 9

• Helping reduces negative emotions.

Question 10

What are are the exceptions of the feel bad do good effect?

Answer 10

• The effect occurs only with people who can focus their attention on other’s needs; self preoccupation restrains generosity.
• Thus less likely when the negative mood is anger or profound grief.

Question 11

What are some examples of internal and external rewards?

Answer 11

External: volunteering to collect hours for med school or so they are a more respected by there peers.

Question 12

The happiness vs. helpfulness experiments prove?

Answer 12

Those that were complimented or happy prior to an opportunity to help someone were much more likely to help.

Proving: happiness and helpfulness can be linked.

Question 13

Do sad individuals have the desire to help?

Answer 13

• yes, it can help alleviate stress and return the individual to a good mood.

Question 14

What are the two social norms (situations) that yield helping?

Answer 14

1. ) reciprocity norm:

2. ) social responsibility norm:

Question 15

What is the reciprocity norm?

Answer 15

The expectation that people will help those who have helped them… return favors: reciprocation.

Question 16

Reciprocity with social networks helps define (what?)

Answer 16

The social capital: The supportive connections, information flow, trusts and cooperative actions- that keep a community healthy.

Question 17

What is an example of the reciprocity norm?

Answer 17

neighbors watching over each others house’s while the other is away.

Question 18

In what instance does the reciprocity norm operate most effectivly?

Answer 18

when people respond publicly to deeds earlier done.

Question 19

What are the feelings associated when one cannot honor the reciprocity norm?

Answer 19

• threatened.

- demeaned by accepting aid

Question 20

What kind of person is least likely to receive help via the reciprocity norm?

Answer 20

• Those that have high levels of self esteem.

- many Asian cultures.

Question 21

Research shows the larger and more pronounced the favor the (more or less likely) we are to return the favor?

Answer 21

More likely we are to return the favor.

Question 22

What is the social responsibility norm?

Answer 22

• This is the norm that says we should help those in need without regard for future exchanges.

Question 23

Provide an example of the social responsibility norm?

Answer 23

If someone drops a crutch, you honor the social responsibility norm by picking up their crutch and returning to your day expecting absolutely nothing in return.

Question 24

What are the divisions within the social responsibility norm?

Answer 24

• 1.) social responsibility without reciprocity.
• 2.) Instead of helping an individual regardless of the need, we evaluate if the issue was avoidable in the first place. “old person falls vs. drunk”

Question 25

Describe Rudolph’s chart in light of the

(attribution–>emotion–>action) ?

Answer 25

attribution: external(out of their control) –>
emotion–> sympathy –> action: helping

attribution: internal (within their control)–>
Emotion: no sympathy —> action: no help

Question 26

Which gender receives more help?

Answer 26

• Women generally received more help than men.

Question 27

How does attraction relate to help?

Answer 27

directly correlated to an extent.

Question 28

• Women offered (more, less, or equal) help to each gender?

- Men offered (more, less, or equal) help to each gender?

Answer 28

1. ) equal

2. ) more help to women.

Question 29

Describe the evolutionary psychology approach to altruism?

Answer 29

• Emphasizes the biological evolution as a basis for altruism in our species.
• Genes that predispose us to self sacrifice wouldn’t allow us to survive evolutionary competition.
• Survival does involve cooperation.

Question 30

What are the three forms of selection within the evolutionary psychology approach to altruism?

Answer 30

• Kin Selection: If you carry my genes i’ll favor you.
• Direct Reciprocity: I scratch your back you scratch mine.
• Indirect reciprocity: I scratch Paul’s back, Paul scratch’s Fred’s back and Fred scratches my back.

Question 31

What is the basis of kin selection?

Answer 31

• primal form of altruism embedded in the heads of parents (parental altruism).
• We have a bias to take care of those most like us genetically. (paternal twin > fraternal twin)
• “genes favor genes”

Question 32

What is the reasoning for the evolution of reciporcal altruism?

• Which of Darwin’s theory’s explain this?
• what does it explain:

Answer 32

• We help others with the expectation of the favor being returned.
• Like female baboons work closely with friends.
• Group selection theory: altruistic cultures out survive individualistic cultures.
  - natural selection in humans operates at both the individual and group level.
  ( like the business analogy)

Question 33

What is the model that predicts if our altruism is genuine or not?

Answer 33

• Emotion: ( we are distressed, upset, and or anxious with the situation at hand)
• Motive: egotistic- motivation to reduce our own discomfort.
• Behavior: to achieve reduction of our own distress.

• Emotion: Empathy
• Motive: Altruistic
• Behavior: help others for the will of the good.

Question 34

What is Batons belief regarding what genuine altruism is rooted in?

Answer 34

• He claims it is rooted in empathy.

Question 35

Describe the decision tree analysis?

Answer 35

1.) did you notice the incident?
(if yes continue)

2.) Did you interpret the instance as an emergency?
(if yes continue)

3.) Did you assume responsibility for taking care of the individual?
(if yes continue)

Then that lead to you trying to help.

Question 36

When more bystanders are around what does this do to our process of working through the decision tree analysis?

Answer 36

• We are less likely to interpret the incident as a problem or an emergency and less likely to assume responsibility.
• example: the test where they test two groups in a room where smoke came through the air vent.
• group 1: groups of 3 were tested. out of 8 test cycles only one person in one of the groups reported the smoke within four minutes.

why:
1. ) illusion of transparency
2. ) informational influence
3. ) pluralistic ignorance.

• group 2: the group was rather an individual given the same conditions. The individuals all hesitated rather quickly and investigated.

Question 37

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 37

people are less likely to help when other bystanders are around, the root of this effect is the diffusion of responsibility.

Question 38

Describe the reasoning behind this scenario:
1.) a women is getting grabbed by a man who she yells get off me and identifies as her husband.

vs. = you get involved in the instance where she calls him stranger?
2. ) a women is getting grabbed by a man who she calls stranger.

Answer 38

we don’t associate the relationship as our business and the stranger a matter of greater importance.

Question 39

Are people more or less likely to help when some who is getting violated is someone they know?

Answer 39

More likely when it is someone they know.

Question 40

Are programs teaching intervention tactics are good or bad thing?

Answer 40

good thing, they improve intervention in instances of emergency.

Question 41

How do pressures for time effect an individuals likeliness to help someone?

Answer 41

• Individuals crunched for time rarely stop to offer help, but this is influenced more by context than conviction

Question 42

How does similarity to someone influence our aptitude to help?

Answer 42

Those that appear to be more similar to us often receive our help more so than those who appear different.

Question 43

How do responsibility and interpretation and effect an individuals likeliness to help?

Answer 43

responsibility can be manipulated through will and requests.
Bottom line: to more responsible we feel the more apt we are to helping an individual.

Question 44

What are the two fundamental principles for Piliavin’s Model of Helping: The Role of Costs and Benefits:

Answer 44

1. ) As the costs to the bystander of helping go up, direct help is less likely .
   - Indirect help may increase though: like a phone call to the police.

2.) As costs to the victim of no help increase, help will be more likely.

Question 45

According to Piliavin’s Model of Helping: The Role of Costs and Benefits: what situations yield the highest degree of helping.

Answer 45

1. ) One’s that are easy to notice the emergency (no ambiguity)
   - face of victim and others if present are very concerning.
2. ) NO escape from the event. Helping works as a negative state relief.

Question 46

What is the best personality trait in terms of predicting helpfulness?

• what other personality types yield high levels of helpfulness?

Answer 46

1. ) those high in agreeableness.

2. ) those high in positivity, emotionality, empathy, and self-efficacy are most likely to be concerned and helpful.

Question 47

How does privilege effect helpfulness?

Answer 47

less privilege help more?

Question 48

In situations in which the person in need is in a greater state of danger, which gender is more likely to help?

Answer 48

• Men

Question 49

In general which gender offers more help?

Answer 49

Women.

Question 50

Religion primes helpfulness in (in/ out groups) ?

God primes helpfulness in (in/ out groups)?

Answer 50

1. ) in groups

2. ) out groups

Question 51

How does being religiously affiliated in most instances effect helpfulness?

Answer 51

• most religious people are much more helpful and charitable.

Question 52

In general how can we increase altruism?

Answer 52

• remind individuals to get engaged in situations where it may be emergent.
• teach individuals to not be bystanders.
• personalized appeals.
• making your self more personable

Question 53

How does guilt and concern for self image affect altruism?

Answer 53

• individuals who have done something wrong recently and are reminded of it are more likely to help.
• asking someone for smaller contributions yields greater donations in amount and average

Question 54

What are the five concepts of social altruism?

Answer 54

1.) Teaching moral inclusion: If we are able to view everyone as our kin or kind we are more likely to help.
( seeing one struggling child as opposed to being told 50,000 die)

2. ) Modeling Altruism: reading about or watching someone help increases our odds to be altruistic. ( Also seen with prosocial media.
3. )Learn by doing: generally children and others that are influential able, learn by watching there elders. Therefore altruistic actions in front of children can yield altruistic results.
4. ) Attributing Helpful behavior To Altruistic Motives: we cannot (over justify) altruistic behavior with rewards for it undermines the intrinsic value in it.
5. ) Learning about altruism: understanding how bystanders inhibit altruism can lead to increased altruism.