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Social Psychology: > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the approaches called that attempt to explain similarities and differences among people are traced to genes and culture?

A
  • evolutionary psychology
    &
  • Sociocultural approach.
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2
Q

We as humans are more (alike or different) because regardless of where we originate, we are rooted in

A
  1. ) alike

2. ) biological nature.

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3
Q

In what ways are humans similar around the globe?

A
  • we share a similar genome
  • developed from common evolutionary challenges,
  • all develop in similar ways.
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4
Q

Our similar genetics contribute to similar…

A

behavioral patterns.

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5
Q

What defines our shared human nature?

A

commonalities.

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6
Q

How does biology influence culture?

A
  1. ) ( similar organisms have similar genetics that contribute to similar behavioral patterns)
  2. ) We are also influenced by socialization within cultures, creating diversity between cultures and similarities within cultures.

If you have been to another country, you know.
Some places you can kiss others on the cheek, other places no way.

( ex: greeting someone in japan vs america, one may involve a handshake while the other is a bow. This isn’t a matter of biology, but each culture has customs that may have a biological root.)

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7
Q

Describe Darwin’s theories of natural and sexual selection?

A

Ns: process by which “heritable traits”, that best enabled organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments (the most “fit’’ to their environment), were passed on (via DNA) to subsequent generations.

Ss: important in the human evolution of psychological traits.. That in “our” past were related to successful reproduction.

Like a peacock, they show their superiority via their flamboyant tail, but this tail is a poor
for escaping predators. This made Darwin wonder why this

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8
Q

We as humans, an evolutionary species are evolutionary (optimizers or satisfiers)

A

Satisfiers.

This includes humans (e.g, chamber heart; 2 eyes)

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9
Q

Natural and sexual selection are based on what?

A

differential reproduction:

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10
Q

What does differential reproduction theory mean?

A

some traits make us more successful, and this can be attributed to reproduction or survival.

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11
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

The study of the evolution of universal, adaptive, psychological traits that exist now because they aided in our ancestors’ survival and reproduction.

  • Using the principles of NS and SS
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12
Q

What is the social psychology aspect of evolutionary psychology?

A

evidence for the evolution of social traits can be found in commonalities across cultures (the fundamental similarities in humans everywhere).
( you don’t want to be ostracized, you follow the rules of your culture.)

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13
Q

What is psychological legacy?

A
  • We strive to carry out the legacy of our ancestors adaptive preferences: “ what ever helped them survive will help me survive.”
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14
Q

Describe the differences between gender and sex?

A

Gender: stereotypes associated with each sex.

Sex: refers to the sexual characteristics of men and women (boobs or dick)

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15
Q

Who is more aggressive men or women?

A

Men

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16
Q

Who is more violent men or women?

A

Men

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17
Q

T/F: this is a discussion of genetic determinisism?

A

false, it is not.

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18
Q

EP: believes that (psychological) behaviors that disfavored our evolutionary success would continue to be carried out?

A

False

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19
Q

Roger Brown’s universal norm says:

A

social interactions guided by status:

  • High status initiates more intimacy and is the pace-setter in interactions.
  • Dwight placed his feet on Michael’s desk during a performance review.
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20
Q

Donald Brown’s list of universals*:

A

Cooperation
Childcare
Childhood fears: stranger anxiety; separation anxiety- not ..child psychology would explain these very differently from EP, in terms of development of schemas)
Classifications of people (us vs. them & ethnocentrism; gender; kin)

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21
Q

The importance of culture is the sociocultural tie, what does this link refer to?

A
  • It focuses on the link between culture and behavior … transmitted via norms.
22
Q

(biology will constraint us, but cultural will allow…?

A

Us to roam.

23
Q

How are we influenced by culture?

A

Norms: They are accepted, expected behavior; is “normal” (the norm) or typical in culture in a particular time and place

24
Q

Evolution left us with advanced brains capable of processing _____?

A

culture.

25
Q

Our shared human biology enables us to be able to experience _____ _______ ?

A

cultural diversity

26
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The study of how environments modify gene expression: like the gen that encodes for depression and how it can be induced by something tragic.

27
Q

The diversity of languages, customs, and expressive behaviors confirms that much of our behavior.?

A
  • socially programmed.
28
Q

When norms are unclear we….?

A

turn to others.

29
Q

What are the two kinds of norms?

A
  1. ) prescribe behavior

2. ) proscribe behavior

30
Q

What does prescribe behavior refer to?

A

“Thou shall..” (like a drug prescription)

These norms vary by age, gender, relatedness

Examples of prescriptive norms/rules for social situations:

How much & when to tip (buffet vs. full service? Take-out? I’m confused.)

31
Q

What does proscribe behavior refer to?

A

.”thou shall not..” like doing bad things in public or in private (Make and Julie brother and sister on vacation)

32
Q

What do norms create?

A

culture differences.

33
Q

How do norms and laws interact?

A

Some things are legal but norm violating(facing rear in an elevator or wearing a bathing suit in church- Yikes).
Here’s a challenge: Can something be illegal, but also a prescriptive norm (i.e., almost everyone is expected to follow it) ?

34
Q

Describe how norms and system 1 are connected?

A

The point is we have tons of automatic social rules, called norms, that influence unconsciously and effortlessly (system1) by giving us easy but powerful (heuristic) ways to make judgments about right and wrong, should and shouldn’t and then act accordingly.

To understand people we need to be aware of their situations, like norms.
This is the sociocultural view.

35
Q

What does it mean by the evolutionary leash?

A

Norms show us how culture can impact social behavior within and between societies.
But evolution constraints us to act within a certain range of behaviors.
We don’t have 100% flexibility to be whatever.

36
Q

What is the nurture assumption and how does that differ from the peer influence theory?

A
  • Nurture Assumption: The way children are brought up influences who they become. (political views, religious views, ect.)
    vs.
  • Peer influence: Children prioritize the opinions of their peers, which makes most siblings very different.
37
Q

What are the big five social beliefs?

A

cynicism: powerful people exploit others.

Social complexity: one has to deal with matters according to specific circumstances.

Reward for application: One will succeed if he/she really tries.

Spirituality: religious faith contributes to good mental health.

Fate control: fate determines ones success and failures.

38
Q

What is the gender similarity hypothesis ?

A

Janet Hydes’s (2005) hypothesis states that men and women, males and females, are far more alike than different.

39
Q

How do men and women differ biologically?

A
  • They differ in a set of chromosomes, which contributes to different hormones and the development of other sexual organs.
40
Q

How do men and women differ in aggression?

A

Men are more aggressive and more violent, due to greater amounts of testosterones.
- but in small environments women and men are equally violent.

41
Q

How do men and women differ in sexuality: attitudes?

A

men are higher in…
Sexually permissive( having multiple sex partners, 1 night stands, etc.) attitudes
Instrumental attitudes- (using sex to have fun, focus on personal pleasure.)
- Think of the college campus experiment.
———————————————————————–
Women are higher in….
Sexual communion: highest form of communication,
Sexual responsibility: biased- but taking birth control,

42
Q

Who has higher sexual desires?

A

Men

43
Q

How do men and women differ in psychological/physical disorders?

A

Females higher in internalized disorders like anxiety and depression

Males in externalized disorders like drug abuse…

44
Q

What is the sociocultural view explaining why men and women differ?

A

attributes these differences to differences in socialization from family, peers and the broader culture.
Norms like “boys don’t cry”

45
Q

Describe the evolutionary view that explains sex differnces?

A

(e.g., male aggression) in a functional way- for example aggression functions to enhance the aggressor’s fitness” (reproductive success) via success against rivals for mating or to gain status and dominance in a group.

Here, aggression is seen as making evolutionary sense by offering a “fitness (reproductive) payoff” that just isn’t true for women.

46
Q

What differences are their in partner desires for men and women?

A

Quantity vs. Quality:
How does a woman win the mating Game? A man?
EP claims men seek quantity (huge generalization of course) in mating and this leads to greater promiscuity. Why?
It will maximize their genetic, Darwinian “fitness”; the maximum number of offspring is unlimited to him.

Women seek out quality in a mate. Why? How does that enhance her fitness?
She invests her efforts not in having more mates, but in protecting and nurturing her offspring.
This is reflected in attraction to men who are dominant, hard working, emotionally stable and have high financial resources.
Found cross culturally.

47
Q

Culture often reinforces gender demands that are associated with ___ ______?

A

biological demands.

48
Q

T/F societies more greater amounts of gender equality are less likely to be engaged in warefare?

A

True.

49
Q

Describe the women are wonderful effect?

A

Most women are less physically aggressive, more nurturing, and more socially sensitive. These traits are preferred by most people, thus making them more favorable than men.

50
Q

Describe the differences in how boys and girls play?

A

girls: prefer to talk more intimitly and play less aggressive, prefaced towards smaller groups.

Boys: are more likely to engage in larger group activities.

51
Q

Describe the difference in friendship?

A

Girls: more likely to describe themselves in relational terms, welcome help, experience relationship linked emotions, by attuned with others.

Boys: Also a desire for independence/ social domination. more likely to use words about specific activities and ideas.

52
Q

Describe the difference in vocation between boys and girls?

A

Girls: more likely to reduce inequality and work in a communication heavy job: Doctor, teacher, public defendant.

Boys: more likely to work in jobs were you work with things (truck driver, engineer.) Strive to create inequality.

Social Psychology: (11 decks)

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