Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and Judgements

Question 1

Our first impression is know as…?

Answer 1

Halo effect

Question 2

what is priming?

Answer 2

• Is the awakening or activating of certain associations. Experiments show that priming one thought, even without awareness, can influence another thought, or even an action

Question 3

give an example of priming in our everyday world?

Answer 3

• Watching a scary movie alone at home can activate emotions that, without our realizing it, cause us to interpret furnace noises as a possible intruder.
• I [JT] experienced a version of this: Returning to my New Orleans hotel room after a “ghost tour,” a shadow I hadn’t noticed before looked ominous. Further inspection yielded not a ghost but an end table at a strange angle.

Question 4

Much of our social processing information is ….?

Answer 4

automatic.

- system 1

Question 5

Most of a persons everyday life is determined by….?

Answer 5

their mental process that are put into motion by features of the environment and that operate outside of conscious awareness and guidance.

Question 6

What is embodied cognition?

Answer 6

physical sensations or social judgments being primed by one anther.

Question 7

Give an example of embodied cognition?

Answer 7

• After assessing a cold person, people judge the room as colder than do those who instead assessed a warm person.
• People who ate alone judged room temperature as colder than those who ate with others; Social exclusion literally feels cold.

Question 8

What is the bottom line regarding social cognitions?

Answer 8

It is embodied. The brain systems that process our bodily sensations communicate with the brain systems responsible for our social thinking.

Question 9

Illusory intuition?

Question 10

T/F Demonstrations of how people create false beliefs do not prove that all beliefs are false (although to recognize falsification, it helps to know how it’s done).?

Answer 10

True.

Question 11

what feeds overconfidence?

Answer 11

incompetence.

Question 12

“ideological echo chambers” ?

Answer 12

groups, news sources, or people that contribute to your beliefs

Question 13

is conformation bias a system 2 problem?

Answer 13

System 1!!!! our default reaction is to look for information consistent with our presupposition.

Question 14

Confirmation bias helps explain why our self-images are so ….. ?

Answer 14

remarkably stable, a study found that students seek, elicit, and recall feedback that confirms their beliefs about themselves. People seek as friends and spouses those who bolster their own self views—even if they think poorly of themselves

Question 15

How do you reduce over confidence?

Answer 15

1. ) prompt feedback-In everyday life, weather forecasters and those who set the odds in horse racing both receive clear, daily feedback.
2. ) get people to think of one good reason why their judgments might be wrong; that is, force them to consider disconfirming information

Question 16

Representative Heuristic?

Answer 16

To judge something by intuitively comparing it to our mental representation of a category

Question 17

Give an example of an representative heuristic?

Answer 17

Consider Linda, who is 31, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, she was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues, and she participated in antinuclear demonstrations. Based on that description, would you say it is more likely that

Linda is a bank teller.
Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement.
Most people think b is more likely, partly because Linda better represents their image of feminists But ask yourself: Is there a better chance that Linda is both a bank teller and a feminist than that she’s a bank teller (whether feminist or not)? As Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman (1983) reminded us, the conjunction of two events cannot be more likely than either one of the events alone.

Question 18

What is the availability Heuristic?

Answer 18

Said simply, the more easily we recall something, the more likely it seems.

Question 19

Give an example of the availability heuristic?

Answer 19

Estimating teen violence after school shootings

Question 20

What is the potential down fall of availability heuristics?

Answer 20

Overweighting vivid instances and thus, for example, fearing the wrong things

Question 21

What is the potential down fall of representative heuristics?

Answer 21

Discounting other important information.

Question 22

What is counterfactual thinkning?

Answer 22

• their mentally simulating what might have been.

- like loosing in the championship and imaging how close or what the win would’ve felt like.

Question 23

The more significant and unlikely the event, the more intense the….?

Answer 23

counter factual thinking.

Question 24

Illusory correlation:

Answer 24

• When we expect to find significant relationships, we easily associate random events.
• People easily misperceive random events as confirming their beliefs

Question 25

Name someone under the spell of illusion of control?

Answer 25

stock broker

Question 26

Show an example that links regression towards average and illusion of control?

Answer 26

• you do well on an exam and you get overconfident, so you study less for the next one and you do worse.

Question 27

Our first impressions are often more ….?

Answer 27

Right than wrong.

Question 28

How do we view our social world?

Answer 28

through the spectacles of our beliefs, attitudes, and values.

Question 29

Belief perseverance?

Answer 29

shows that beliefs can grow their own legs and survive discrediting. In a time when “fake news” (false stories often designed to attract clicks and thus advertising profits) spreads on social media (Fulgoni & Lipsman, 2017), it’s especially important to understand why people continue to believe false information.

Question 30

What is an example of mis-attribution error?

Answer 30

Men’s misreading of women’s warmth as a sexual come-on—an example of misattribution—can contribute to sexual harassment or even rape

Question 31

Attribution theory?

Answer 31

• We sometimes attribute people’s behavior to internal causes (for example, someone’s disposition or mental state) and sometimes to external causes (for example, something about the situation).

Question 32

Given the example: A teacher may wonder whether a child’s underachievement is due to lack of motivation and ability or to physical and social circumstances.
- Which portion of the example aligns with each?`

• (an internal cause or a dispositional attribution)
• (an external cause or situational attribution)

Answer 32

• lack of motivation and ability : internal cause or dispositional attribution.
• physical or social circumstances: external cause or situational attribution.

Question 33

Fundamental attribution error?

Answer 33

the tendency for people to under-emphasize situational and environmental explanations for an individual’s observed behavior while over-emphasizing dispositional and personality-based explanations.

Question 34

What is an example of the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 34

• the question vs contestant scenario done in class.

- Medical doctors, for example, are often presumed to be experts on all sorts of questions unrelated to medicine.