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Biology 212 > Chapter 54 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 54 Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

Some key relationships in the life of an organism are it’s interactions with individuals of other species in the community. Including competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and facilitation

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1
Q

Community

A

A group of populations of different species living close enough to interact

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2
Q

Interspecific competition

A

A -/- interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival

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3
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to local elimination of the inferior competitor

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4
Q

Ecological niche

A

The sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

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5
Q

Resource partitioning

A

The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community

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6
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The niche potentially occupied by that species

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7
Q

Realized niche

A

The portion of its fundamental niche that a species actually occupies in a particular environment

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8
Q

Allopatric

A

Geographically separate

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9
Q

Sympatric

A

Geographically overlapping

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10
Q

Character displacement

A

The tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric then in allopatric populations of two species

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11
Q

Predation

A

A +/- interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

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12
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

Camouflage

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13
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

Warning coloration, such as that of the poison dart frog

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14
Q

Bayesian mimicry

A

A palatable or harmless species mimics and unpalatable or harmful one

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15
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Two or more unpalatable species, such as the cuckoo bee and yellow jacket, resemble each other. Presumably, the more unpalatable prey they are, the more quickly predators learn to avoid prey with a particular appearance

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16
Q

Herbivory

A

A +/- interaction in which an organism eats part of a plant or alga

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17
Q

Symbiosis

A

When individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

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18
Q

Parasitism

A

A +/- symbiotic interaction in which one organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, its host

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19
Q

Parasite

A

Derives its nourishment from another organism, harming it in the process

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20
Q

Host

A

Harmed in the process of parasitism

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21
Q

Endoparasites

A

Parasites that live within the body of their host, such as tapeworms

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22
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Parasites that feed on external surfaces of a host, such as ticks and lice

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23
Q

Mutualism

A

And interspecific interactions that benefits both species +/+

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24
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

At least one species has lost the ability to survive without its partner

25
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

Both species can survive alone

26
Q

Commensalism

A

A +/0 interaction between species that benefits one of the species but neither harms nor helps the other

27
Q

Facilitation

A

Species can have positive effects on the survival of other species without necessarily living in the direct and intimate contact of a symbiosis +/+ or 0/+

28
Q

Species diversity

A

The variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community. Consists of species richness and relative abundance

29
Q

Species richness

A

The number of different species in a community

30
Q

Relative abundance

A

The proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

31
Q

Shannon Diversity (H)

A

A widely used diversity index where A, B, C…are the species in the community, p is the relative abundance of each species, and ln is the natural logarithm

32
Q

Invasive species

A

Organisms that become established outside their native range

33
Q

Trophic structure

A

The feeding relationships between organisms

34
Q

Food chain

A

The transfer of food energy up the trophic levels from its source in plants and other autotrophic organisms (primary producers), through herbivores (primary consumers), to carnivores (secondary, tertiary, and Quaternary consumers), and eventually to decomposers

35
Q

Food webs

A

Linked together food chains

36
Q

Energetic hypothesis

A

Suggests that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer a log the chain

37
Q

Biomass

A

The total mass of all individuals in a population

38
Q

Dynamic stability hypothesis

A

Proposes that long food chains are less stable than short chains. Population fluctuations at lower trophic levels are magnified at higher levels, potentially causing the local extinction of top predators

39
Q

Dominant species

A

Species in a community that are most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass

40
Q

Keystone species

A

Not usually abundant in a community, they exert strong control on community structure not by numerical might but by their pivotal ecological roles, or niches

41
Q

Ecosystem engineers

A

Species that dramatically alter their environment

42
Q

Bottom – up model

A

Postulates a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels. In this case, the presence or absence of mineral nutrients controls plant numbers, which controls herbivore numbers, which in turn controls predator numbers

43
Q

Top – down model

A

Postulates the opposite: predation mainly controls community organization because predators limit herbivores, herbivores limit plants, and plants limit nutrient levels through nutrient uptake

44
Q

Biomanipulation

A

Attempts to prevent algal blooms and eutrophication by altering the density of higher–level consumers in lakes instead of using chemical treatments

45
Q

Stability

A

A communitie’s tendency to reach and maintain a relatively constant composition of species

46
Q

Climax community

A

A community that functions as an integrated unit – it affect, as a super organism

47
Q

Disturbance

A

Any event, such as a storm, fire, flood, drought, overgrazing, or human activity, that changes a community by removing organisms from it or altering resource availability

48
Q

Nonequilibrium model

A

Describes most communities as constantly changing after being affected by disturbances. Even when relatively stable communities do exist, they can be rapidly transformed into nonequilibrium communities

49
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

States that moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity there do low or high levels of disturbance

50
Q

Ecological succession

A

After an area is stripped of all of the existing vegetation, the disturbed area maybe colonized by a variety of species, which are gradually replaced by other species, which are interred replaced by still other species

51
Q

Primary succession

A

Process of species replacing other species begins in a virtually lifeless area were soil has not yet formed, such as on a new volcanic island or on the rubble left by retreating glacier

52
Q

Secondary succession

A

Occurs when an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact, species replace other species, sometimes the area begins to return to something like its original state

53
Q

Dryas

A

A mat–forming shrub

54
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants

55
Q

Potential evapotranspiration

A

A measure of potential water loss that assumes the water is readily available, is determined by the amount of solar radiation and temperature and is highest in regions were both are plentiful

56
Q

Species – area curve

A

One of the first patterns of species richness to be recognized. The larger geographic area of the community, the more species it has. Note that all other factors are assumed to be equal

57
Q

Island equilibrium model

A

In equilibrium will eventually be reached where the rate of species immigration equals the rate of species extinction. The number of species at this equilibrium point is correlated with the island’s size and distance from the mainland. Dynamic: immigration extinction continue and the exact species composition may change over time

58
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease–causing microorganisms, viruses, viroids, or prions. Note that viroids and prions are infectious RNA molecules and proteins

59
Q

Zoonotic pathogens

A

Defined as pathogens that are transferred to humans from other animals, either through direct contact with an infected animal or by means of an intermediate species, call a vector

60
Q

Vector

A

And intermediate species that transfers zoonotic pathogens

Biology 212 (9 decks)

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