Chapter 34 Vocabulary Flashcards
Chordates
Bilaterian animals
Vertebrates
Derive their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the vertebral column, or backbone
Notochord
A longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and nerve cord
Pharyngeal clefts
A series of pouches separated by grooves that form along the sides of the pharynx
Pharyngeal slits
Grooves that develop into slits that open to the outside of the body. Allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract
Lancelets
Blade like shape. Most basal group of living Chordates
Somites
Blocks of mesoderm which muscle segments develop from
Tunicates
More closely related to other Chordates than are lancelets. A marine invertebrate of a group that includes the sea squirt and salps. They have a rubbery or hard outer coat and two siphons to draw water into and out of the body
Craniates
Chordates with a head
Neural crest
A collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo. These cells disperse throughout the body, where they give rise to a variety of structures
Conodonts
Slender, soft bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes controlled by numerous muscles
Gnathostomes
Diverse group that includes sharks and their relatives, refined fishes, lobe finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds) and mammals
Lateral line system
Organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water
Placoderms
Earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record include extinct lineages of armored vertebrates
Acanthodians
Jawed vertebrates
Chondrichthyans
“Cartilage fish”, have a skeleton composed predominantly of cartilage, though often impregnated with calcium
Spiral valve
A corkscrew-shaped ridge that increases surface area and prolongs the passage of food through the digestive tract
Oviparous
Laying eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body
Ovoviviparous
Retain the fertilized eggs in the oviduct
Viviparous
The young develop within the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nutrients from the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta, by absorbing a nutritious fluid produced by the uterus, or by eating other eggs
Cloaca
A common chamber by the excretory system and digestive tract empty into that has a single opening to the outside
Operculum
A protective bony flap
Swim bladder
An air sac fish can control buoyancy with
Ray-finned fishes
Named for bony Rays that support their fins, the Ray-finned fishes originated during the Silurian period
Lobe-fins
Other major lineage of osterichthyans, originated during the Silurian period
Tetrapods
Tetrapods have limbs with digits
Amphibians
Cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class comprising of salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
Amniotes
A group of tetrapods whose extant members are the reptiles (including birds) and mammals. During their evolution, amniotes acquired a number of new adaptations to life on land
Amniotic egg
Contains four specialized membranes: the amnion, the chorion, the yolk sac, and the allantois
Extraembryoinic membranes
The four parts of the amniotic egg are called this because they are not part of the embryo itself. These membranes develop from tissue layers that grow out from the embryo
Reptile
Includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians and birds, along with a number of extinct groups, such as plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs
Ectothermic
Absorb external heat as their main source of body heat
Endothermic
Birds are endothermic, capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolic activity
Parareptiles
Reptiles diverged from their lizard-like ancestors, one of the first five major groups to emerge, which were mostly large, stocky, quadrupedal herbivores
Diapsids
As parareptiles were dwindling, another ancient Clade of reptiles, the diapsids, was diversifying
Lepidosaurs
One lineage gave rise to the Lepidosaurs, which include tuataras, lizards, and snakes
Archosaurs
The other diapsid lineage, the archosaurs, produced the crocodilians, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs
Pterosaurs
Originated in the late Triassic, were the first tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight
Dinosaurs
Diversified into a vast range of shapes and sizes, from bipeds the size of a pigeon to 45-m-long quadrupeds with necks long enough to let them browse the tops of trees
Theropods
Bipedal carnivores (t-Rex)
Ratites
Several groups of living and extinct birds include one or more flightless species, which consist of the ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, and emu, are all flightless
Mammals
A warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of live young
Synapsids
A fossil reptile of a Permian and Triassic group, the members of which show increasing mammalian characteristics and include the ancestors of mammals
Monotremes
Are found only in Australia and New Guinea and are represented by one species of platypus and four species of echidnas (spiny anteaters). Monotremes lay eggs, a character that is ancestral for amniotes and retained in most reptiles
Marsupials
A mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother’s belly. Marsupials are found mainly in Australia and New Guinea, although three families, including the opossums, live in America
Placenta
A structure in which nutrients diffuse into the embryo from the mothers blood
Marsupium
Nursing young held within a maternal pouch called the marsupium
Eutherians
Commonly called placental mammals because their placentas are more complex than those of marsupials. Longer pregnancy than marsupials
Opposable thumb
Can touch ventral surface fingerprint side of the tip of all four fingers with the ventral surface of the thumb of the same hand
Anthropoids
Include monkeys and apes and are found worldwide. Zoology of or relating to the group of higher primates. Including monkeys, apes, and humans
Paleoanthropology
Study of human origins
Hominius
20 extinct species that are more closely related to humans into chimpanzees
