Chapter 34 Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

Chordates

A

Bilaterian animals

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1
Q

Vertebrates

A

Derive their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the vertebral column, or backbone

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2
Q

Notochord

A

A longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and nerve cord

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3
Q

Pharyngeal clefts

A

A series of pouches separated by grooves that form along the sides of the pharynx

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4
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Grooves that develop into slits that open to the outside of the body. Allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract

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5
Q

Lancelets

A

Blade like shape. Most basal group of living Chordates

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6
Q

Somites

A

Blocks of mesoderm which muscle segments develop from

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7
Q

Tunicates

A

More closely related to other Chordates than are lancelets. A marine invertebrate of a group that includes the sea squirt and salps. They have a rubbery or hard outer coat and two siphons to draw water into and out of the body

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8
Q

Craniates

A

Chordates with a head

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9
Q

Neural crest

A

A collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo. These cells disperse throughout the body, where they give rise to a variety of structures

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10
Q

Conodonts

A

Slender, soft bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes controlled by numerous muscles

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11
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Diverse group that includes sharks and their relatives, refined fishes, lobe finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds) and mammals

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12
Q

Lateral line system

A

Organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water

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13
Q

Placoderms

A

Earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record include extinct lineages of armored vertebrates

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14
Q

Acanthodians

A

Jawed vertebrates

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15
Q

Chondrichthyans

A

“Cartilage fish”, have a skeleton composed predominantly of cartilage, though often impregnated with calcium

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16
Q

Spiral valve

A

A corkscrew-shaped ridge that increases surface area and prolongs the passage of food through the digestive tract

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17
Q

Oviparous

A

Laying eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body

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18
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Retain the fertilized eggs in the oviduct

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19
Q

Viviparous

A

The young develop within the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nutrients from the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta, by absorbing a nutritious fluid produced by the uterus, or by eating other eggs

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20
Q

Cloaca

A

A common chamber by the excretory system and digestive tract empty into that has a single opening to the outside

21
Q

Operculum

A

A protective bony flap

22
Q

Swim bladder

A

An air sac fish can control buoyancy with

23
Q

Ray-finned fishes

A

Named for bony Rays that support their fins, the Ray-finned fishes originated during the Silurian period

24
Q

Lobe-fins

A

Other major lineage of osterichthyans, originated during the Silurian period

25
Q

Tetrapods

A

Tetrapods have limbs with digits

26
Q

Amphibians

A

Cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class comprising of salamanders, frogs, and caecilians

27
Q

Amniotes

A

A group of tetrapods whose extant members are the reptiles (including birds) and mammals. During their evolution, amniotes acquired a number of new adaptations to life on land

28
Q

Amniotic egg

A

Contains four specialized membranes: the amnion, the chorion, the yolk sac, and the allantois

29
Q

Extraembryoinic membranes

A

The four parts of the amniotic egg are called this because they are not part of the embryo itself. These membranes develop from tissue layers that grow out from the embryo

30
Q

Reptile

A

Includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians and birds, along with a number of extinct groups, such as plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs

31
Q

Ectothermic

A

Absorb external heat as their main source of body heat

32
Q

Endothermic

A

Birds are endothermic, capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolic activity

33
Q

Parareptiles

A

Reptiles diverged from their lizard-like ancestors, one of the first five major groups to emerge, which were mostly large, stocky, quadrupedal herbivores

34
Q

Diapsids

A

As parareptiles were dwindling, another ancient Clade of reptiles, the diapsids, was diversifying

35
Q

Lepidosaurs

A

One lineage gave rise to the Lepidosaurs, which include tuataras, lizards, and snakes

36
Q

Archosaurs

A

The other diapsid lineage, the archosaurs, produced the crocodilians, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs

37
Q

Pterosaurs

A

Originated in the late Triassic, were the first tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight

38
Q

Dinosaurs

A

Diversified into a vast range of shapes and sizes, from bipeds the size of a pigeon to 45-m-long quadrupeds with necks long enough to let them browse the tops of trees

39
Q

Theropods

A

Bipedal carnivores (t-Rex)

40
Q

Ratites

A

Several groups of living and extinct birds include one or more flightless species, which consist of the ostrich, rhea, kiwi, cassowary, and emu, are all flightless

41
Q

Mammals

A

A warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of live young

42
Q

Synapsids

A

A fossil reptile of a Permian and Triassic group, the members of which show increasing mammalian characteristics and include the ancestors of mammals

43
Q

Monotremes

A

Are found only in Australia and New Guinea and are represented by one species of platypus and four species of echidnas (spiny anteaters). Monotremes lay eggs, a character that is ancestral for amniotes and retained in most reptiles

44
Q

Marsupials

A

A mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother’s belly. Marsupials are found mainly in Australia and New Guinea, although three families, including the opossums, live in America

45
Q

Placenta

A

A structure in which nutrients diffuse into the embryo from the mothers blood

46
Q

Marsupium

A

Nursing young held within a maternal pouch called the marsupium

47
Q

Eutherians

A

Commonly called placental mammals because their placentas are more complex than those of marsupials. Longer pregnancy than marsupials

48
Q

Opposable thumb

A

Can touch ventral surface fingerprint side of the tip of all four fingers with the ventral surface of the thumb of the same hand

49
Q

Anthropoids

A

Include monkeys and apes and are found worldwide. Zoology of or relating to the group of higher primates. Including monkeys, apes, and humans

50
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

Study of human origins

51
Q

Hominius

A

20 extinct species that are more closely related to humans into chimpanzees