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Biology 212 > Chapter 29 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

Peroxisome enzymes

A

The peroxisomal’s of both land plants and carophytes contain enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products resulting from photorespiration

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1
Q

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins

A

The cells of both land plants and carophytes have these distinctive circular rings of proteins in the plasma membrane. These protein ring synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls

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2
Q

Structure of flagellated sperm

A

In species of land plants that have flagellated sperm, the structure of the sperm closely resembles that of carophyte sperm

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3
Q

Formation of phragmoplast

A

A group of microtubules that form between the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell

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4
Q

Sporopollenin

A

A layer of durable polymer and carophytes that prevents expose zygotes from drying out

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5
Q

Alternation of generations

A

The lifecycles of all land plants alternate between two generations of multicellular organisms: gametophytes and sporophytes. Each generation gives rise to the other eggs and sperm – that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid set zygotes

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6
Q

Gametophyte

A

Gamete – producing plant. Named for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes – eggs and sperm – that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid zygotes

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7
Q

Sporophyte

A

Spore – producing plant

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8
Q

Spores

A

Reproductive cells that can develop into new haploid organisms without fusing another cell

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9
Q

Placental transfer cells

A

Sometimes present in the adjacent maternal tissue as well, which enhance the transfer of nutrients from parents to embryo through elaborate in growths of the wall surface (plasma membrane and cell wall)

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10
Q

Embryophytes

A

The multicellular, dependent embryo of land plants is such a significant derived traits that land plants are also known as embryophytes

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11
Q

Sporangia

A

Sporophyte multicellular organs that produce spores

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12
Q

Sporocytes

A

Spore mother cells, diploid, that undergo meiosis and generate the haploid spores

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13
Q

Gametangia

A

Another feature distinguishing early land plants from there algal ancestors was the production of gametes with and multicellular organs called gametangia

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14
Q

Archegonia

A

Female gametangia are also called archegonia

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15
Q

Antheridia

A

Produce sperm and release them into the environment

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16
Q

Apical meristems

A

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

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17
Q

Cuticle

A

Epidermis in many species have a covering which consists of wax and other polymers

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18
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Formed symbiotic associations with fungi similar in structure to beneficial associations observed today between plants and fungi

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19
Q

Secondary compounds

A

Products of secondary metabolic pathways – side branches off the primary metabolic pathways that produce the lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and other compounds common to all organisms

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20
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

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21
Q

Vascular plants

A

Most presents – day plants have a complex vascular tissue system and are therefore called vascular plants

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22
Q

Bryophytes

A

Mass plant. Non– vascular plants

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23
Q

Lykophytes

A

Club mosses and their relatives

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24
Q

Pterophytes

A

Ferns and their relatives

25
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

Plants in lykophyte and pterophyte clades lack seeds, which is why collectively the two clades are often informally called seedless vascular plants

26
Q

Grade

A

Groups such as the seedless vascular plants are sometimes referred to as a grade, a collection of organisms that share a key biological feature

27
Q

Seed

A

An embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

28
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Naked seed. Grouped together as “naked seed” plants because their seeds are not enclosed in chambers (conifers)

29
Q

Angiosperms

A

Container. A huge clade consisting of all flowered plants

30
Q

Liverworts

A

A small flowerless green plant with leaf like stems or lobed leaves, occurring in moist habitats. Liverworts lack true roots and reproduce by means of spores released from capsules

31
Q

Mosses

A

A small flowerless green plant that lacks true roots, growing in low carpets or rounded cushions in damp habitats and reproducing by means of spores released from stalked capsules

32
Q

Hornworts

A

Is submerged aquatic plant with narrow forked leaves that become translucent and horny as they age, occurring worldwide

33
Q

Bryophyte

A

Used in formally to refer to all nonvascular plants – liverworts, mosses and hornworts

34
Q

Bryophyta

A

Formal taxonomic name for the phylum that consists solely of mosses

35
Q

Protonema

A

First threads. Has a large surface area that enhances absorption of water and minerals. Produces one or more buds in favorable conditions. First threads of cells strung together in moss

36
Q

Gametophore

A

Gamete bearer. Each of these bud – like growths has an apical meristem that generates a gamete – producing structure known as a gametophore

37
Q

Rhizoids

A

Long, tubular single cells (in liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses), not composed of tissues

38
Q

foot

A

Embedded in the archegonium, and absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte

39
Q

Seta

A

Stalk, conducts materials to the sporangium, aka capsule

40
Q

Capsule

A

Uses seta to produce spores by meiosis

41
Q

Peristome

A

Upper part of the capsule features a ring of interlocking, tooth – like structures known as the peristome

42
Q

Stomata

A

Specialized pores in Moss and hornworts sporophytes which are also found in all vascular plants

43
Q

Peat

A

Partially decayed organic material

44
Q

Sphagnum

A

Does not decay readily, in part because of phenolic compounds embedded in its cell walls. A plant of the genus that comprises the peat mosses

45
Q

Xylem

A

Conducts most of the water and minerals, vascular tissue

46
Q

Tracheids

A

Tube – shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from roots

47
Q

Lignin

A

A complex organic polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody

48
Q

Lignified

A

Water – conducting cells in vascular plants are lignified, cell walls strengthened using the polymer lignin

49
Q

phloem

A

Has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

50
Q

Roots

A

Organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil

51
Q

Leaves

A

Increase the surface area of the plant body and serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

52
Q

Microphylls

A

Small, usually spine – shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue

53
Q

Megaphylls

A

Leaves with a highly branched vascular system

54
Q

Sori

A

Products of fern sporophylls in clusters of sporangia

55
Q

Strobili

A

In many lykophytes and in most gymnosperms, groups of sporophylls from cone – like structures called strobili

56
Q

Homosporous

A

Most seedless vascular plants species are homosporous and only have one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte, as in most ferns

57
Q

Heterosporous

A

Has two types of sporangia and produces two kinds of spores: megasporangia or megaspopophylls

58
Q

Megaspores

A

Develop into female gametophytes, produced by a megasporangia on megasporophylls

59
Q

Microspores

A

Microsporangia on microsporophylls produce the comparatively smaller microspores, which develop into male gametophytes

60
Q

Epiphytes

A

Plants that use other plants as a substrate but are not parasites

61
Q

Brood bodies

A

Small plantlets that detach from the parent plant and grow into new, genetically identical copies of their parent

Biology 212 (9 decks)

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