Chapter 52 Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

The long term, prevailing weather conditions in a given area. Includes temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

A

Climate

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1
Q

The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

A

Ecology

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2
Q

Biosphere

A

The global ecosystem, the sum of all the planets ecosystems and landscapes

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3
Q

Global ecology

A

Examines how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere

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4
Q

Landscape (or Seascape)

A

A mosaic of connected ecosystems

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5
Q

Landscape ecology

A

Focuses on the factors of controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

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6
Q

Ecosystem

A

The community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact

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7
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A

Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment

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8
Q

Community

A

A group of populations of different species in an area

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9
Q

Community ecology

A

Examines how interactions between species, such as a predation and competition, affect community structure and organization

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10
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in an area

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11
Q

Population ecology

A

Analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time

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12
Q

Organismal ecology

A

Include subdisciplines of physiological, evolutionary and behavioral ecology, is concerned with how an organism structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment

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13
Q

Tropics

A

Regions of sunlight

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14
Q

Macro climate

A

Global, regional and landscape level

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15
Q

Microclimate

A

Very fine, localized patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms that live in the microhabitat beneath a fallen log

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16
Q

Abiotic

A

Nonliving factors

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17
Q

Biotic

A

Living factors

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18
Q

Biomes

A

Major life zones and characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes, or by the physical environment in aquatic biomes

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19
Q

Climograph

A

A plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a particular region

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20
Q

Ecotone

A

The area of integration between biomes

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21
Q

Canopy

A

The top tree layer

22
Q

Disturbance

A

Any events such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms from it and altering resource availability

23
Q

Tropical rainforests

A

Rainfall is relatively constant, about 200 to 400 cm annually

24
Q

Tropical dry forests

A

Precipitation is highly seasonal, about 150 to 200 cm annually, with a 6 to 7 months dry season

25
Q

Deserts

A

Occur in bands near 30° North and South latitude or at other latitudes in the interior of continents

26
Q

Chaparral

A

This biome occurs in mid-latitude coastal regions on several continents, and it’s many names reflect its far-flung distribution. Scrub landscape, goats, hills, gets extremely hot during summer.

27
Q

Savanna

A

Warm year-round, averaging 24 to 29°C, but with somewhat more seasonal variations than in tropical forests

28
Q

Temperate grasslands

A

Planes and prairies of central North America are examples

29
Q

Northern coniferous forest

A

Extending in a broad band and across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of the Arctic tundra, it is the largest terrestrial biome on earth

30
Q

Tundra

A

Covers expensive areas of the Arctic, amounting to 20% of earths land surface. High winds and low temperatures produce similar plant communities, called alpine tundra, on very high mountain tops at all latitudes, including the tropics

31
Q

Temperate broadleaf forest

A

A mature temperate broadleaf forest has distinct vertical years, including a closed canopy, one or two strata of understory trees, a shrub later, and an herb layer. There are a few epiphytes. The dominant plants in the northern hemisphere are deciduous trees, which drop their leaves before winter

32
Q

Photic zone

A

Upper area of water, there is sufficient light for photosynthesis

33
Q

Aphotic zone

A

Lower area of water, where little light penetrates

34
Q

Pelagic zone

A

The photic and aphotic zones together make up this zone

35
Q

Abyssal zone

A

Lies deep in the aphotic zone, part of the ocean 2000 to 6000 m below the surface

36
Q

Benthic zone

A

At the bottom of all aquatic biomes, deep or shallow. Made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments

37
Q

Benthos

A

What occupies the benthic zone. Communities of organisms collectively called benthos

38
Q

Detritus

A

Dead organic matter, food source for benthic species, “rains” down from productive surface waters of the photic zone

39
Q

Thermocline

A

A narrow layer of abrupt temperature change. Separates the more uniformly warm upper layer from more uniformly cold deeper waters

40
Q

Turnover

A

Many temperate lakes undergo a semi annual mixing of their waters as a result of changing temperature profiles. Sends oxidated water from a lake’s surface to the bottom and brings nutrient rich water from the bottom to the surface in both spring and autumn

41
Q

Oligotrophic lakes

A

Nutrient poor and generally oxygen-rich

42
Q

Eutrophic lakes

A

Nutrient rich and often depleted of oxygen in the deepest zone in summer and if covered with ice in winter

43
Q

Littoral zone

A

The shallow, well lit waters close to shore only in lakes

44
Q

Limnetic zones

A

Farther from shore, where water is too deep to support routed aquatic plants, inhabited by a variety of phytoplankton including cyanobacteria

45
Q

Estuary

A

A transition area between river and sea

46
Q

Intertidal zone

A

Periodically submerged and exposed by the tides, twice daily on most marine shores

47
Q

Oceanic pelagic zone

A

A vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents. Because of high water clarity, the photic zone extends to greater depths than in coastal marine waters

48
Q

Coral reefs

A

Formed largely from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals. Shallow reef building corals live in the photic zone of relatively stable tropical marine environments with high water clarity, primarily on islands and along the edge of some continents

49
Q

Marine benthic zone

A

Consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal, or neritic, zone and the offshore, pelagic zone

50
Q

Neritic zone

A

Relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop off of the continental shelf, approximately 200 m in depth

51
Q

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents

A

Dark, hot environments where food producers are chemoautotrophic prokaryotes that obtain energy by oxidizing dihydrogen sulfide (H2S) formed by a reaction of the hot water with dissolve sulfate

52
Q

Dispersal

A

The movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density