Chapter 54 Flashcards
Controlled through the medulla in the central nervous system and is dependent on a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Along with function of muscular system.
Process of respiration
Controls and stimulates the diaphragm contraction and inspiration
Parasympathetic system
Leads to bronchoconstriction
Vagal stimulation
Leads to increased rate and depth of respiration and dilation of the bronchi to allow free flow of air through the system
Sympathetic stimulation
The collapse of once expanded lung tissue. Results of outside pressure against the alveoli. Most commonly occurs as a result of blockage of the airway.
Atelectasis
Inflammation of the lungs. Causes can be bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue. Aspiration of foreign substances into the lower respiratory tract. Manifestations includes localized swelling, engorgement, and exudation of protective sera.
Pneumonia
Narrowed airway during inflammation. Causes occurs when bacteria, virus or foreign material infect the inner lining of the bronchi.
Bronchitis
Permanent, chronic obstruction of airways. Causes are often related to cigarette smoking and emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Manifestations includes airflow obstruction on expiration and overinflated lungs and poor gas exchange.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD
A hereditary disease involving the exocrine glands of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. It results in the accumulation of copious amounts of very thick secretions in the lungs. treatment is aimed at keeping the secretions fluid and moving and maintaining airway potency as much as possible.
Cystic Fibrosis CF
Seen in premature infants who are delivered before their lungs have fully developed and while surfactant levels are still very low. Characterized by progressive loss of lung compliance and increasing hypoxia.
Respiratory Distress syndrome RDS
A viral infection that starts in the upper respiratory tract, sometimes spreading to the lower structures.
Common Cold
Occurs when the upper airways respond to a specific allergen.
Allergic or seasonal rhinitis
Is an inflammation or infection of the pharynx.
Pharyngitis
Is an inflammation of the larynx
Laryngitis
Is an infection caused by any of several strains of myxoviruses.
Influenza
Action: Act directly on the medullary cough center of the brain to depress the cough reflex. Indications control nonproductive cough. Pharmacokinetics rapidly absorbed, metabolized in the liver, excreted in the urine. Examples: Codeine, hydrocodone, Dextromethorphan,
Antitussives
Decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract and decrease the overproduction of secretions.
Decongestants
Block the release or action of histamine that increases secretions and narrows airways
Antihistamines
Increase productive cough to clear airways
Expectorants
Increase or liquefy respiratory secretions to aid clearing of airways.
Mucolytics
Contraindications of Antitussives
Patients who need to cough to maintain the airway. Head injury or impaired CNS
Adverse Effects of Antitussives
Drying effect on the mucous membranes. CNS adverse effects and GI upset.
Decreases the overproduction of secretions by causing local vasoconstriction to the upper respiratory tract. Helps relieve the discomfort of nasal congestion that accompanies the common cold, sinusitis, and allergic rhinitis.
Examples Oxymetazoline, Phenylephrine, tetrahydozoline, Xylometazoline.
Topical Decongestants
Actions of Topical Nasal Decongestants
Sympathomimetic, affects sympathetic nervous system to cause vasodilation, causing less inflammation of the nasal membrane.
