Chapter 54

Question 1

Controlled through the medulla in the central nervous system and is dependent on a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Along with function of muscular system.

Answer 1

Process of respiration

Question 2

Controls and stimulates the diaphragm contraction and inspiration

Answer 2

Parasympathetic system

Question 3

Leads to bronchoconstriction

Answer 3

Vagal stimulation

Question 4

Leads to increased rate and depth of respiration and dilation of the bronchi to allow free flow of air through the system

Answer 4

Sympathetic stimulation

Question 5

The collapse of once expanded lung tissue. Results of outside pressure against the alveoli. Most commonly occurs as a result of blockage of the airway.

Answer 5

Atelectasis

Question 6

Inflammation of the lungs. Causes can be bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue. Aspiration of foreign substances into the lower respiratory tract. Manifestations includes localized swelling, engorgement, and exudation of protective sera.

Answer 6

Pneumonia

Question 7

Narrowed airway during inflammation. Causes occurs when bacteria, virus or foreign material infect the inner lining of the bronchi.

Answer 7

Bronchitis

Question 8

Permanent, chronic obstruction of airways. Causes are often related to cigarette smoking and emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Manifestations includes airflow obstruction on expiration and overinflated lungs and poor gas exchange.

Answer 8

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD

Question 9

A hereditary disease involving the exocrine glands of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. It results in the accumulation of copious amounts of very thick secretions in the lungs. treatment is aimed at keeping the secretions fluid and moving and maintaining airway potency as much as possible.

Answer 9

Cystic Fibrosis CF

Question 10

Seen in premature infants who are delivered before their lungs have fully developed and while surfactant levels are still very low. Characterized by progressive loss of lung compliance and increasing hypoxia.

Answer 10

Respiratory Distress syndrome RDS

Question 11

A viral infection that starts in the upper respiratory tract, sometimes spreading to the lower structures.

Answer 11

Common Cold

Question 12

Occurs when the upper airways respond to a specific allergen.

Answer 12

Allergic or seasonal rhinitis

Question 13

Is an inflammation or infection of the pharynx.

Answer 13

Pharyngitis

Question 14

Is an inflammation of the larynx

Answer 14

Laryngitis

Question 15

Is an infection caused by any of several strains of myxoviruses.

Answer 15

Influenza

Question 16

Action: Act directly on the medullary cough center of the brain to depress the cough reflex. Indications control nonproductive cough. Pharmacokinetics rapidly absorbed, metabolized in the liver, excreted in the urine. Examples: Codeine, hydrocodone, Dextromethorphan,

Answer 16

Antitussives

Question 17

Decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract and decrease the overproduction of secretions.

Answer 17

Decongestants

Question 18

Block the release or action of histamine that increases secretions and narrows airways

Answer 18

Antihistamines

Question 19

Increase productive cough to clear airways

Answer 19

Expectorants

Question 20

Increase or liquefy respiratory secretions to aid clearing of airways.

Answer 20

Mucolytics

Question 21

Contraindications of Antitussives

Answer 21

Patients who need to cough to maintain the airway. Head injury or impaired CNS

Question 22

Adverse Effects of Antitussives

Answer 22

Drying effect on the mucous membranes. CNS adverse effects and GI upset.

Question 23

Decreases the overproduction of secretions by causing local vasoconstriction to the upper respiratory tract. Helps relieve the discomfort of nasal congestion that accompanies the common cold, sinusitis, and allergic rhinitis.
Examples Oxymetazoline, Phenylephrine, tetrahydozoline, Xylometazoline.

Answer 23

Topical Decongestants

Question 24

Actions of Topical Nasal Decongestants

Answer 24

Sympathomimetic, affects sympathetic nervous system to cause vasodilation, causing less inflammation of the nasal membrane.