Chapter 54

Question 1

Community

Answer 1

A group of different species living close enough to interact

Question 2

Intraspecific competition

Answer 2

Competition within a species

Question 3

Interspecific Competition

Answer 3

-/- relationship when different species compete for a resource that limits their survival

Question 4

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Answer 4

Two species competing over the same land cannot exist together, and the elimination of one species is always inevitable

Question 5

Ecological niche

Answer 5

This is the sum of a species biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

Question 6

Resource Partitioning

Answer 6

This reduces interspecific competition if they have similar niches but if they have some significant differences then they can coexist

Question 7

Fundamental Niche/Realized Niche

Answer 7

Fundamental- Niche that is potentially occupied by species

Realized Niche- The portion of an organisms fundamental niche that it actually occupies

Question 8

Character Displacement

Answer 8

Tendency for characteristics to diverge more in a sympatric setting rather than an allopatric setting, because of the sympatric’s increased competition

Question 9

Batesian Mimicry

Answer 9

Harmless species mimic appearance of harmful species

Question 10

Mullerian Mimicry

Answer 10

Two harmful species mimic eachother, creating a uniform appearance, accelerating their predators knowledge

Question 11

Herbivoy

Answer 11

Where an organism eats part of a plant or algae

Question 12

Symbiosis

Answer 12

When Two Species live in Direct intimate contact with eachother

Question 13

Parasitism

Answer 13

WHere the parasite derives nourishment from its host, which is harmed by this process +/-

Question 14

Mutualism

Answer 14

An interspecific relationship that benefits both species +/+

Question 15

Commensalism

Answer 15

An interaction between two species that benefits one, but does not affect the other in any way +/0

Question 16

Species Diversity

Answer 16

Species richness- the number of different species in the area
Species abundance- The proportion of individuals the species represents

Question 17

Energetic Hypothesis

Answer 17

That energy transfer is inneficient, as 10 percent of energy is transferred to the next trophic level

Question 18

Dominant Species

Answer 18

The most abundant species in a community, or the species that have the most biomass

Question 19

Keystone Species

Answer 19

Not necessarily abundant, but has control over the community structure because of their essential role or niche in the community

Question 20

Foundation Species

Answer 20

A species that can dramatically alter their environment on a large scale

Question 21

Immediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Answer 21

An even that removes an organisms resources and changes the community. States that moderate levels of disturbance can cause high amounts species diversity

Question 22

Ecological Succession

Answer 22

Primary Succession- An ecological succession that begins on a virtually lifeless place with no soil
Secondary Succession- Occurs when an existing community has a disturbance that leaves the soil intact

Question 23

Latitudinal Gradients

Answer 23

Measuring how much plant an animal diversity there is in a certain area. Mostly abundant in the tropics
Climate- Energy imput, water availability
Evolutionary Time- More of an opportunity for evolution and speciation because tropics have 5 times more growing season than other regions

Question 24

Island Biogeography

Answer 24

The rate aat which species immigrate to an island and the rate at which species become extinct
This is affected by how large the island is and how far away from the coast it is

Question 25

Aposematic Coloration

Answer 25

The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators.

Question 26

Cryptic Coloration

Answer 26

Camouflage, making potential prey difficult to spot against its background.

Question 27

Food Chain

Answer 27

The pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers.

Question 28

Food Web

Answer 28

he elaborate, interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem.