Chapter 54 Flashcards
Community
A group of different species living close enough to interact
Intraspecific competition
Competition within a species
Interspecific Competition
-/- relationship when different species compete for a resource that limits their survival
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Two species competing over the same land cannot exist together, and the elimination of one species is always inevitable
Ecological niche
This is the sum of a species biotic and abiotic resources in its environment
Resource Partitioning
This reduces interspecific competition if they have similar niches but if they have some significant differences then they can coexist
Fundamental Niche/Realized Niche
Fundamental- Niche that is potentially occupied by species
Realized Niche- The portion of an organisms fundamental niche that it actually occupies
Character Displacement
Tendency for characteristics to diverge more in a sympatric setting rather than an allopatric setting, because of the sympatric’s increased competition
Batesian Mimicry
Harmless species mimic appearance of harmful species
Mullerian Mimicry
Two harmful species mimic eachother, creating a uniform appearance, accelerating their predators knowledge
Herbivoy
Where an organism eats part of a plant or algae
Symbiosis
When Two Species live in Direct intimate contact with eachother
Parasitism
WHere the parasite derives nourishment from its host, which is harmed by this process +/-
Mutualism
An interspecific relationship that benefits both species +/+
Commensalism
An interaction between two species that benefits one, but does not affect the other in any way +/0
Species Diversity
Species richness- the number of different species in the area
Species abundance- The proportion of individuals the species represents
Energetic Hypothesis
That energy transfer is inneficient, as 10 percent of energy is transferred to the next trophic level
Dominant Species
The most abundant species in a community, or the species that have the most biomass
Keystone Species
Not necessarily abundant, but has control over the community structure because of their essential role or niche in the community
Foundation Species
A species that can dramatically alter their environment on a large scale
Immediate Disturbance Hypothesis
An even that removes an organisms resources and changes the community. States that moderate levels of disturbance can cause high amounts species diversity
Ecological Succession
Primary Succession- An ecological succession that begins on a virtually lifeless place with no soil
Secondary Succession- Occurs when an existing community has a disturbance that leaves the soil intact
Latitudinal Gradients
Measuring how much plant an animal diversity there is in a certain area. Mostly abundant in the tropics
Climate- Energy imput, water availability
Evolutionary Time- More of an opportunity for evolution and speciation because tropics have 5 times more growing season than other regions
Island Biogeography
The rate aat which species immigrate to an island and the rate at which species become extinct
This is affected by how large the island is and how far away from the coast it is
Aposematic Coloration
The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators.
Cryptic Coloration
Camouflage, making potential prey difficult to spot against its background.
Food Chain
The pathway along which food is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers.
Food Web
he elaborate, interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
