Chapter 5 Flashcards
4 Large Molecules
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
3 Main Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules
Large Molecules that include carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic Acids
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
Monomer
The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polumer
Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction
When two monomers bond with the loss of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
hydro (water)
lysis (break)
Process that is the reverse of dehydration
Monomers of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
3 different disaccharides
Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
Monomers and location of Maltose
2 Glucose Monomers
Found in malt sugar, brewed beer
Monomers and location of Sucrose
Glucose and Fructose
Table Sugar
Monomers and Location of Lactose
Glucose and Galactose
Milk
-ose
full of, having
Glycosidic Linkages
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Made between Carbon 1 and Carbon 4
Types of Polysacharides
Storage (Glycogen- Animal Storage)
Structural (Tough cell wall/exoskeleton)
Characteristic that all Lipids Share
Hydrophobic
Building Blocks of Fat
Glycerol, Ester Linkages, Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fats
Has one or more double bonds that replaces a hydrogen
Saturated Fats
No double bonds, as many hydrogen bonds as possible
4 Functions of Fats
Fats store energy
Cushion vital organs
Compact
Reservoir of Fuel
Phospholipids
Glycerol attached to a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains
Chains are made up of hydrocarbons, hydrophopic
Phosphate group is hydrophillic
5 Types of Proteins
Enzymatic- Digestive enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of food, Structural- Keratin forms hair structure, Storage- Ovalbumin- source of egg white, Transport-Hemoglobin transports oxygen, Hormonal- Insulin regulates sugar concentration
Parts of an Enzyme
Enzyme- Important type of protein
Active Site- Place in where reaction occurs
Substrate- Substances on which enzymatic reactions are held
Dipeptide
2 amino acids bonded by a peptide bond
Polypeptide
A polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Peptide Bond
When two amino acids are bonded through a dehydration reaction through a covalent bond
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary- Unique sequence of amino acids
Secondary- Patterned coils and folds that contribute to the overall protein shape
Tertiary- Overall shape of the polypeptide
Quaternary- Overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptide subunits
Quaternary
Disulfide Bridge
Two Sulfurs bonded together
Denature
If pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other factors cause a protein to unravel and lose its natural shape
4 Nitrogen Bases in DNA
Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine
4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA
Guanine, Adenine, Cytocine, Uracil
3 components of a nucleotide
Nitrogenous Base, Sugar, DeoxyRibose
