Chapter 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

Planet Age

Earliest Evidence of Life

A

Planet- 4.6 billion years old

Earliest Evidence of Life- 3.5 billion years ago Fossils of Stromalites- Prokaryotes bound sediments together

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2
Q

4 Steps to the origin of Life

A
  1. abiotic synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides
  2. Molecules join together to form larger molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids
  3. Larger molecules turn into protobions with membranes that have a different chemical makeup on the inside then on the outside
  4. Molecules self-replicate, make inheritance of certain alleles or characteristics possible
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3
Q

Gases of the early atmosphere

A

Methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, water vapor

Oxygen missing because it came from a biological origin and was produced during photosynthesis

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4
Q

A.I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane Early organic synthesis source of energy

A

They believed that it was lightning or intense UV radiation that caused these organic molecules to form, and that the oceans provide source for organic molecules

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5
Q

Miller and Urey Experiment

A

Water is heated- representing the ocean turning into water vapor
Water vapor enters chamber or methane and ammonia- water vapor enters atmosphere
Sparks released- represents lightning
Water vapor condensed into droplets and analyzed
*Miller and Urey found a variety of amino acids in the samples *

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6
Q

Protobionts

A

Collections of abiotically produced molecules that are surrounded by a membrane and has a different chemical structure than its environment. Reproduce and metabolize

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7
Q

First Genetic Material and World

A

RNA- first genetic material
RNA was formed that could hold genetic material in protobionts many further changes and additions to genetic structure were made
RNA then could have mutated from one strand to a double strand- DNA- that is more stable and can reproduce more accurately

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8
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA catalysts that cause certain processes such as enzyme-like catalytic functions

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9
Q

In what type of rocks are fossils found?

A

Sedimentary Rock

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10
Q

How do scientists date fossils

A

Relative Dating- Order of the Rock Strata to determine relative age of fossils
Radiometric Dating- Looking at half-lives in isotopes to determine how long the fossil has been decaying usually use Carbon-14 (75,000 years old)
If between two layers of volcanic rock, can use potassium-40 on the volcanic rock
Magnetism Shifts- By examining position of particles, can determine what time

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11
Q

Tetrapods

A

Animals that have four limbs (ex. Mammals, Amphibians and Reptiles)

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12
Q

Differences between Mammals and tetrapods

A

Lower Jaw bone of mammal- 1 bone
Other Tetrapods- Several bones

Middle Ear of Mammal- 3 bones(hammer, anvil, stirrup)
Other Tetrapods- 1bone

Mammal Teeth- Split into incisors, canines, and multipointed premolars
Other Tetrapods- one row of pointed teeth

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13
Q

Unique Ability of Cyanobacteria

A

Cyanobacteria became photosynthetic and could produce bacteria
Oxygen damaged the chemical bonds and enzymes of cells– caused mass extinctions of prokaryotes

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14
Q

Steps to the Eukaryote

A
  • Infolding of the plasma membrane
  • Enveloping of the nucleus
  • Enter of the aerobic prokaryotes and/or enter of photosynthetic prokaryotes
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15
Q

Continental Drift

A

The theory that the continents moved opver the past thousands of years.Used to be one land mass, and slowly broke away

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16
Q

Process of Breakage

A

Pangaea- One large land mass
Laurasia- The break into the northern hemisphere
Godwana- The break into the southern hemisphere

17
Q

adaptive radiation

A

A period of time in which many new populations form new species to fill different ecological niches
These happen after mass extinctions when many ecological niches have become emptied

18
Q

Permian Mass extinction

Cretaceous Mass extinction

A

Permian Mass Extinction- Caused by a series of multiple violent eruptions.
Cretaceous- Believed to be caused by a large asteroid that collided with earth- this is because iridium is found in the fossil record

19
Q

Evo- Devo

A

The study of evolutionary biology and developmental biology and how these genetic differences produced many morphological differences

20
Q

Exaptations

A

When a structure has evolved in one context but has been co-opted for another purpose