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Neurobiology > Chapter 53 > Flashcards

Chapter 53 Flashcards

1
Q

broadly classify neurons into two types

A

excitatory and inhibitory

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2
Q

spiny exitatory neurons

A

glutamatergic neurons

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3
Q

projection neurons

A

pyramidal neurons

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4
Q

non-spiny inhibitory interneurons

A

GABAergic neurons

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5
Q

all neurons have how many layers

A

six

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6
Q

name the developing layers of the cortex from ventricle side to sub-arachnoid space

A 
ventricular layer
subventricular layer
intermediate zone
cortical plate
marginal layer
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7
Q

giving rise to two stem cells resulting in amplification of the stem cell pool

A

symmetric divisions

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8
Q

when one stem cell gives rise to another stem cell and a differentiated cell maintains stem cell populations

A

asymmetric division

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9
Q

when one stem cell gives rise to two differentiated cell resulting in exhaustion of the stem cell pool

A

symmetric terminal division

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10
Q

what is the order of making cells in the nervous system during development

A

all neurons are made first then switch to astrocytes and glial cells

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11
Q

what type of cells are around the ventricular zone during development

A

neruoprogenetor cells

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12
Q

what is the formal term for cells bouncing up and down

A

inter kinetic nuclear migration

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13
Q

vertical planes cause what type of division

A

symmetric

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14
Q

horizontal planes cause what type of division

A

asymmetric

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15
Q

neuroblasts have an affinity for this which they move along to migrate in the cortex

A

radial fiber

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16
Q

all of the cells that are born along one radial fiber are

A

ontonogenetically related

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17
Q

this is a receptor for the integral membrane protein- delta

A

notch

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18
Q

what happens when detla and notch come together

A

notch undergoes cleavage by protease and translocate to the nucleus to form a transcriptional complex

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19
Q

two things notch signaling in the glial progenitor results in

A
  1. differentiation as astrocytes and inhibits differentation as oligodentrocytes
  2. inhibits progenitor cells from differentiating into neurons
20
Q

how to neurons climb the radial fiber

A

have a leading edge with microtubules and a lagging edge

21
Q

first microtubules that neuroblasts will turn on

A

DCX

22
Q

regulates migration of neurons in the cortex during development

A

reelin

23
Q

under normal circumstances how does the cortex develop

A

from the inside out

24
Q

what happens when reelin protein is mutated

A

cortical plate is severely disrupted and partially inverted

25
Q

neurons generated in the medial ganglionic eminence migrate..

A

tangentially and settle in the neocortex

26
Q

medial ganglionic eminence gives rise to what interneurons

A

cajal-retzius neurons

27
Q

neurons generated in the lateral ganglionic eminence migrate

A

rostrally to the olfactory bulb

28
Q

neural crest cells that migrate just beneath the ectoderm become

A

melanocytes

29
Q

neural crest cells tat migrate deeper through the somites becomes

A

dorsal root sensory ganglia

30
Q

neural cells that migrate between the neural tube and somites become

A

sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla

31
Q

neurons that innervate muscles generate which neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine

32
Q

sympathetic neurons that innervate sweat glands are induced to generate which neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

33
Q

the default of most neurons is to live or die after development

A

die

34
Q

what signal saves a neuron from undergoing apoptosis

A

neurotrophin

35
Q

when neurotrophin attaches to receptors on the axonal terminal how do they get to the nucleus

A

retrograde movement along the axon

36
Q

the three main neurotrophins interact with what type of receptor

A

tyrosine kinase receptor

37
Q

when this receptor is present it can actually induce cell death

A

P75

38
Q

when growth factor binds to receptor what happens

A

homodimyrization of receptor activating protein kinase AKT to promote survival

39
Q

when death pathway is induced what proteolytic enzymes are activated

A

caspases

40
Q

what induces the death pathway

A

Cytochrome C leaking out of the mitochondria activates caspases
or activation of death receptors on the cell membrane

41
Q

which cell in the nervous system is very active during the time of development when apoptosis is happening

A

microglia

42
Q

three hallmarks of apoptosis

A

membrane blebbing
cell shrinkage
DNA fragmentation

43
Q

protooncogene that prevents the creation of pores on the mitochondria surface

A

Bcl2

44
Q

inhibits Bcl2 which allows pores to form in mitochondria

A

bad

45
Q

neurotrophin cascade causes

A

AKT to be activated which phosphorylates the bad protein inactivating it

46
Q

happens when caspase9 is knocked out causing additional folding of the cerebral cortex

A

cobblestone complex

Neurobiology (6 decks)

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