Chapter 2 and beginning of chapter 3 Flashcards
two parts of the neuron used for communicating
dendrite and synapse
another name for the cell body
soma
come in different lengths depending on the size of the organism and how fast information needs to be passed
axon
used to breakdown proteins
lysomes
says the nervous system is comprised of descrete cells
ramon y cajal
flow of information in one direction
principle of dynamic polarization
nerve cells do not connect randomly during the formation of networks
connectional specificity
where the electricity of the cell/decision of the cell happens, alot of channels that are effected by changes in electric current are found here
axon initial segment
first individuals to detect electricity down the axon
hodgkin and huxley
three groups of neurons
unipolar
bi polar
multipolar
have single primary processes that give rise to many branches
unipolar
have an oval soma with two processes
bi polar
predominant cell of the vertebrate nervous system
multipolar
neuron commonly found in invertebrates
unipolar
neuron found commonly for olfactory and in the retina
bipolar
unique in that the dendrites and axon fuse together and the cell body is pushed out to one side
pseudo-unipolar cell
three functional groups of neurons
sensory
motor
interneurons
carry information towards the CNS
sensory neurons
carry command information away from the CNS
motor neurons
most prevalent type of neurons and are subdivided into classes of relay and local
interneurons
glia is greek for what
glue
more prevalent than neurons
glial cells
two major classes of glia
macroglia and microglia
immune system cells of nervous system
microglia
small cell body with few cellular processes and form the myelin sheath that insulates neuronal axons typically of one to 30 axons
oligodendrocytes
similar in that they form myelin sheaths surrounding individual axon of peripheral nervous system
schwann cells
three things insulating axon does
- increase electrical signal conduction
- promotion of voltage sensitive ion channels into distinct domains
- release trophic factors
large number of cell processes with small star shaped body
astrocytes
found in gray matter and processes end in sheet like appendages
protoplasmic
found in white matter. they have long fine processes that contain large bundles of intermediate fibers
fibrous
astrocyte functions
separation potassium buffers house keeping nourishment tripartite synapse recycling amino acids releasing growth factors
the stretching of a single muscle activates hundreds of neurons
divergence
a single motor neuron receives inputs from 200-450 contacts
convergence
example of convergence
Purkinjie cells of cerebellum
enhances the effect of the active pathway by suppressing the activity of pathways mediating opposing actions
feed forward inhibition
self regulating mechanism
feedback inhibition
is potassium or sodium have a higher concentration inside the cell
potassium
guy who thought you could inherit intelligence and came up with the idea of twin studies
francis galton
a large amount of heritable diseases are…
neurological in nature
cytosine and guanine are connected by how many hydrogen bonds
3
adenine and thymine are connected by how many hydrogen bonds
2
which are kept introns or exons
exons
