Chapter 1 Flashcards
Considered the first neuroscientists
Cushing and Penfield
What work did cushing and penfield do?
looked at patients with epilepsy
cut holes in skull to look at how the brain works
some of the first documents showing humans examined the brain was found were
egypt
first person to recognize there was some medical use for the brain
hippocrates
some of his work is still referenced in modern medicine today
utilized ligature to demonstrate that cranial and peripheral nerves control muscles
galen of pergamon
what did galen do?
cut the nerves of the larynx to show it would make a pig stop squealing
believed that emotion and consciousness were found in the heart not the brain
became famous for his human anatomy drawings
leonardo da vinci
stumbled upon the theory of bioelectricity
luigi galvani
came up with a simple idea that the brain was acting as a battery distributing electricity to certain parts of the body
sir richard caton
what did scientists thing about the brain originally
that it was one giant cell with a billion different nuclei
came up with the silver nitrate stain that revolutionized the neuroscience field
camillo golgi
a physician who believed structures on the skull showed how a person was going to behave, also known as phrenology
franz gall
took mice and destroyed parts of the brain to see what would happen to rates movement and behavior
jeanne pierre fluorens
used patients leborgne and lelong to show certain areas of the brain are connected with speech and understanding speech
brocca and wernicke
region destroyed caused person to understand language but not be able to speak
broccas
region destroyed caused person to speak but unable to understand what another person was saying
wernicke
showed that different parts of the brain look different at the cellular level
brodman
who developed the frontal lobotomy
john fulton
spontaneous speech
aphasia
prosody
musical qualities
incorrect words are substituted for correct
paraphasias
unintended word is used
semantic
smell nerve
olfactory nerve
visual nerve
optic nerve
pupillary dilation and constriction
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
unequal pupils
anisocoria
limitation of gaze in either or one or both directions
extraocular eye movement
carry sensation from face, anterior scalp, eye, and nasal and oral cavities
innervate jaw muscles
tigeminal nerve
innervates face muscles and control wrinkle, closing of eyes and lips, control ability to show teeth
facial nerve
auditory function, test for vertigo
vestibulocochlear nerve
swallow reflex, laryngeal strength, control of palate
glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
innervates tongue muscles
hypoglossal
to generate a hole in the skull through the use of an auger
trepanation
book of optics
ibn al haytham
was one of the first to believe that the brain and the nervous system were the center of the mind and emotion as opposed to the heart
andreas vesalius
afferent and efferent conditions
spinal cord
autonomic functions including control digestion/breathing/heart rate
medulla oblongata
mediator of movement information between cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum
pons
controls eye movement, visual and auditory reflexes
midbrain
relays information to the cortex
thalamus
regulates autonomic, endocrine, and visceral functions
hypothalamus
contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
diencephalon
contains the cerebral cortex where cognitive abilities persist
cerebrum
part of the cerebrum responsible for learning and memory
hippocampus
short term planning of movement and short term memory and social reciprocity
frontal lobe
somatic sensation understanding “oneself” within extrapersonal space
parietal lobe
vision
occipital lobe
hearing and through the hippocampus learning and memory
temporal lobe
