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Neurobiology > Chapter 52 > Flashcards

Chapter 52 Flashcards

1
Q

when fertilization has happened what element is then released that causes kinase and phsphatase activation

A

calcium

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2
Q

sperm donates entire nucleus to an egg cell

A

acrosomal reaction

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3
Q

calcium waves generates

A

morphological polarity

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4
Q

calcium binds to what that allows for binding to the kinase

A

camoduline

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5
Q

stage when embryo undergoes a compaction event at around 32 cells

A

morula

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6
Q

all blastocyst have

A

inter-cell mass

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7
Q

inter-cell mass of blastocyst is also called

A

epiblast

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8
Q

next layer in from the epiblast

A

hydroblast

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9
Q

cells can generate anything and everything from the whole genome, can generate germ layers and trophoblastic cells

A

totipotent

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10
Q

derived from the intercell mass of blastocyst, have the ability to generate germ layers

A

pluripotent

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11
Q

cells that make up parts of the placenta and the outside of the blastocyst

A

trophoblastic cells

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12
Q

after the blastula what occurs

A

gastrulation

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13
Q

gastrula has three layers from outside to inside

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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14
Q

gives rise to skin and the nervous system

A

ectoderm

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15
Q

gives rise to the heart, muscles, blood vessels, and blood cells

A

mesoderm

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16
Q

gives rise to many secretory organs like the pancreas and liver

A

endoderm

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17
Q

a little bit past gastrulation what occurs

A

neurulation

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18
Q

ectoderm under goes a series of events in neurulation

A
  1. starts to form a plate on the gastrula (neural plate)
  2. begins to divide and form neural groove
  3. wedge shape cells help with envagination of neural groove
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19
Q

overall neurulation has two parts

A

primary and secondary neurulation

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20
Q

what is formed ultimately from neurulaton

A

neural tube with neural fluid

cavity of brain and ventricles with CSF

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21
Q

what causes differences between the front and back of the embryo

A

cephalization

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22
Q

along neural tube what develops

A

neuroepithelial stem cells

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23
Q

the proencephalon froms the

A

forebrain

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24
Q

the mesencephalon forms the

A

midbrain

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25
Q

the rhombencephalon forms the

A

hindbrain

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26
Q

a cut blastocyst down the center gives rise to

A

two new organisms

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27
Q

a cut blastocyst down a side gives rise to

A

one new organism

28
Q

what part of the ectoderm forms the formation of the nervous system

A

dorsal lip

29
Q

mesoderm helps in the generation of the nervous system through

A

generation of the notochord

30
Q

what must be present for the nervous system to develop

A

mesoderm overlying ectoderm

31
Q

what signal represses neural differentiation

A

bone morphogenetic protein

32
Q

how does the organizer overcome the repressor

A

noggin
chordin
follistatin

33
Q

BMP promotes cells to become

A

epidermal cells

34
Q

without BMP cells become

A

neurons

35
Q

signals from the mesoderm and the endoderm define the _____of the neural plate

A

rostral caudal pattern

36
Q

during rostral caudal pattern formation the endoderm secretes

A

WNT inhibitors in the anterior of the organism

37
Q

during rostral caudal pattern formation the mesoderm releases

A

WNT

38
Q

levels of WNT dictate expression of these

A

Otx2 and Gbx2

39
Q

the midbrain-hindbrain boundary becomes the

A

isthmic organizer

40
Q

regulate the morphology of tissues

A

morphogens

41
Q

isthmic organizer produces

A

engrailed

42
Q

basal conditions before WNT is in cell

A

Beta-catenin and GSK-3beta protein complex exists in the cytoplasm of cell

43
Q

WNT causes this

A
  1. phosphorylation of beta catenin signals for its own degradation
  2. WNT binds to frizzled receptor and co-receptor LRP5
  3. GSK-3beta undocks from beta catenin to move to nucleus to regulate transcription
44
Q

region in the diencephalon that secretes sonic hedgehog

A

zona limitans intrathalamica

45
Q

sonic hedgehog released in the brain produces the

A

thalamus

46
Q

engrailed induces synthesis of

A

WNT1 and FGF8

47
Q

combination of FGF and Shh with Otx2 causes neurons to become

A

dopaminergic

48
Q

combination of FGF and Shh with Gbx2 causes neurons to become

A

serotonergic

49
Q

cues for generating the identity of dorsal or ventral spinal cord neurons comes from

A

ectodermal and mesodermal cells

50
Q

signaling for the dorsal spinal cord comes from this first and then this

A

epidermal ectoderm then roof plate

51
Q

signaling for the ventral spinal cord comes from this then transferred to this

A

notochord then transferred to floor plate

52
Q

the release of certain morphogens causes the release of different or same morphogens

A

homogenetic induction

53
Q

every cell has this that senses different types of signals

A

primary cilia

54
Q

what is usually in cells under resting conditions

A

patchin

55
Q

what does Gli produce during resting conditions

A

transcription regressor to turn cells off

56
Q

what does sonic hedgehog gene first bind to in cell

A

patchin

57
Q

what happens after sonic hedgehog binds to patchin

A

patchin comes out of cilia

smoothin moves into cilia freeing gli to go to the nucleus and stimulate transcription

58
Q

are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the cranio-caudal (head-tail) axis.

A

hoxx genes

59
Q

hoxx genes on the 3’ end express

A

rostral end genes

60
Q

hoxx genes on the 5’ end express

A

caudal end genes

61
Q

Hoxx genes help with developing nervous system by

A

telling neurons where to project their axons

62
Q

hoxx genes can generate these receptors

A

epherine

63
Q

if an axon comes into contact with ephrin B receptors what happens

A

axon collapses and moves to a different region

64
Q

these signals from the anteromedial telecephalon esablish the rostrocaudal pattern of the cerebral cortex

A

FGF8

65
Q

transcription factors aiding in rostrocaudal gradients

A

Pax6 and Emx2

66
Q

genetic elimination of Emx2 causes

A

expansion of the motor areas and contraction of the auditory and visual areas in the brain

67
Q

elimination of the Pax6 gene causes

A

expansion of visual areas and contraction of motor and auditory areas

Neurobiology (6 decks)

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