Chapter 5.1-5.3 - Building Biological Molecules

Question 1

Monomers

Answer 1

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Chains of monomers

Question 3

Polymerization

Answer 3

Polymer Synthesis

Facilitated by enzymes

Question 4

Macromolecules

Answer 4

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid

Question 5

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 5

A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a molecule

Question 6

Enzymes

Answer 6

Specialized monomers that speed up chemical reactions

Question 7

Hydrolysis (Depolymerization)

Answer 7

A process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction. It means water breakage. Catalyzed by enzymes

Question 8

Carbohydrates

Answer 8

• sugars and starches
• used by cells to store energy
• cell-cell communication
• monosaccharides

Question 9

Monosaccharide

Answer 9

Carbohydrate monomer (simple sugars) ex: glucose most popular.

Question 10

Glucose

Answer 10

• 6 carbon sugar

- exists in both linear and ring form

Question 11

Monosaccharides differ in:

Answer 11

1. Number of carbons
2. Position of carbonyl group
3. Arrangement of functional groups

Question 12

Disaccharide (3)

Answer 12

• 2 monosaccharides
• linked by covalent bond; glycosidic bond
• bond formed by dehydration reaction.

Question 13

Polysaccharide (5)

Answer 13

• carbonate polymer
• formed by a dehydration reaction
• monomers joined by glycosidic Bonds
• they’re short polymers (oligosaccharides)
• storage and structural molecules of cell

Question 14

Starch

Answer 14

A polymer of glucose monomers

Question 15

Glycogen

Answer 15

A polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched

Question 16

Glycolipids

Answer 16

Membrane lipids

Question 17

Glycoproteins

Answer 17

Membrane-bound proteins

Question 18

Sugar code

Answer 18

Sugar (glycan) chains on cell surfaces present a biochemical message (signal) for intercellular communication. May be covalently linked to glycolipids or to glycoproteins

Question 19

Lipids (5)

Answer 19

• nonpolar molecules
• composed mostly of hydrocarbons
• hydrophobic ex: water sliding off of duck feathers
• energy storage molecule
• a structural component of cell membranes

Question 20

Types of lipids

Answer 20

1) fats and oils
2) steroids
3) phospholipids

Question 21

Fatty Acids (4)

Answer 21

• monocarboxylic acids
• contain hydrocarbon chains of varying lengths
• mostly natural fatty acids have an even number of carbons
• long hydrocarbon chain renders fatty acids insoluble in water

Question 22

Saturated Fatty Acids (3)

Answer 22

• each C is covalently bonded with 4 atoms
• semisolid at room temperature
• fats

Question 23

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (3)

Answer 23

• contain c=c double bonds
• liquid at room temperature
• oils

Question 24

Glycerides (Acylglycerols) (3)

Answer 24

• Glycerol and fatty acids
• linked by dehydration reaction
• ester linkages between glycerol and fatty acids

Question 25

Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) (4)

Answer 25

- glycerol + 3 fatty acids - van der waals interactions between adjacent saturated fatty acid chains - kinks in unsaturated fatty acid chains disrupt van der waals interactions - energy storage molecules, stored in adipocytes under skin

Question 26

Hydrogenated Oils (4)

Answer 26

- process to solidify oils (heat oils with H2) - convert unsaturated to saturated fatty acids - ex: margarine is hydrogenated vegetable oil - also rearranged double Bonds - trans fats

Question 27

Trans Fats (3)

Answer 27

- consumption of trans fats increases risk of cardiovascular disease - increases LDL/HDL ratio - lipoproteins transport lipids in blood

Question 28

LDL

Answer 28

Low density lipoproteins that deliver cells (from liver)

Question 29

HDL

Answer 29

High density lipoproteins remove excess lipids (to liver)

Question 30

Atherosclerosis (6)

Answer 30

- plaque based artery blockages - LDL enters artery lining - attracts white blood cells (macrophage) - take up cholesterol - plaque formation - as plaque grows, it obstructs the artery - often results in stroke or heart attack

Question 31

Steroids (3)

Answer 31

Vary by: 1) position of C=C double Bonds 2) length and structure of side chains 3) substituents such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and methyl groups Ex: cholesterol, vitamin D2, cortisol and testosterone

Question 32

Steroid Hormones (3)

Answer 32

- regulate hormones in animals - control development, behaviour, biochemical processes - small differences in chemical structure of female and male sex hormones make big differences in sexual structure and behaviour

Question 33

Phospholipids

Answer 33

- amphipathic molecule - similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than 3 - has a hydrophilic head (polar) and two hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails

Question 34

Fat

Answer 34

Constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Fats are not polymers, but are large molecules assembled by dehydration reactions. They are hydrophobic

Question 35

Fat

Answer 35

Constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids