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BIOL1001 > Chapter 5.1-5.3 - Building Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5.1-5.3 - Building Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Monomers

A

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Chains of monomers

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3
Q

Polymerization

A

Polymer Synthesis

Facilitated by enzymes

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4
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid

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5
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a molecule

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6
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized monomers that speed up chemical reactions

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7
Q

Hydrolysis (Depolymerization)

A

A process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction. It means water breakage. Catalyzed by enzymes

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • sugars and starches
  • used by cells to store energy
  • cell-cell communication
  • monosaccharides
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9
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Carbohydrate monomer (simple sugars) ex: glucose most popular.

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10
Q

Glucose

A
  • 6 carbon sugar

- exists in both linear and ring form

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11
Q

Monosaccharides differ in:

A
  1. Number of carbons
  2. Position of carbonyl group
  3. Arrangement of functional groups
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12
Q

Disaccharide (3)

A
  • 2 monosaccharides
  • linked by covalent bond; glycosidic bond
  • bond formed by dehydration reaction.
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13
Q

Polysaccharide (5)

A
  • carbonate polymer
  • formed by a dehydration reaction
  • monomers joined by glycosidic Bonds
  • they’re short polymers (oligosaccharides)
  • storage and structural molecules of cell
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14
Q

Starch

A

A polymer of glucose monomers

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15
Q

Glycogen

A

A polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched

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16
Q

Glycolipids

A

Membrane lipids

17
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Membrane-bound proteins

18
Q

Sugar code

A

Sugar (glycan) chains on cell surfaces present a biochemical message (signal) for intercellular communication. May be covalently linked to glycolipids or to glycoproteins

19
Q

Lipids (5)

A
  • nonpolar molecules
  • composed mostly of hydrocarbons
  • hydrophobic ex: water sliding off of duck feathers
  • energy storage molecule
  • a structural component of cell membranes
20
Q

Types of lipids

A

1) fats and oils
2) steroids
3) phospholipids

21
Q

Fatty Acids (4)

A
  • monocarboxylic acids
  • contain hydrocarbon chains of varying lengths
  • mostly natural fatty acids have an even number of carbons
  • long hydrocarbon chain renders fatty acids insoluble in water
22
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids (3)

A
  • each C is covalently bonded with 4 atoms
  • semisolid at room temperature
  • fats
23
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (3)

A
  • contain c=c double bonds
  • liquid at room temperature
  • oils
24
Q

Glycerides (Acylglycerols) (3)

A
  • Glycerol and fatty acids
  • linked by dehydration reaction
  • ester linkages between glycerol and fatty acids
25
Q

Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols) (4)

A
  • glycerol + 3 fatty acids
  • van der waals interactions between adjacent saturated fatty acid chains
  • kinks in unsaturated fatty acid chains disrupt van der waals interactions
  • energy storage molecules, stored in adipocytes under skin
26
Q

Hydrogenated Oils (4)

A
  • process to solidify oils (heat oils with H2)
  • convert unsaturated to saturated fatty acids
  • ex: margarine is hydrogenated vegetable oil
  • also rearranged double Bonds - trans fats
27
Q

Trans Fats (3)

A
  • consumption of trans fats increases risk of cardiovascular disease
  • increases LDL/HDL ratio
  • lipoproteins transport lipids in blood
28
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoproteins that deliver cells (from liver)

29
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoproteins remove excess lipids (to liver)

30
Q

Atherosclerosis (6)

A
  • plaque based artery blockages
  • LDL enters artery lining
  • attracts white blood cells (macrophage)
  • take up cholesterol - plaque formation
  • as plaque grows, it obstructs the artery
  • often results in stroke or heart attack
31
Q

Steroids (3)

A

Vary by:

1) position of C=C double Bonds
2) length and structure of side chains
3) substituents such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and methyl groups

Ex: cholesterol, vitamin D2, cortisol and testosterone

32
Q

Steroid Hormones (3)

A
  • regulate hormones in animals
  • control development, behaviour, biochemical processes
  • small differences in chemical structure of female and male sex hormones make big differences in sexual structure and behaviour
33
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • amphipathic molecule
  • similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than 3
  • has a hydrophilic head (polar) and two hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails
34
Q

Fat

A

Constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Fats are not polymers, but are large molecules assembled by dehydration reactions. They are hydrophobic

35
Q

Fat

A

Constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

BIOL1001 (24 decks)

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