Chapter 5 VA

Question 1

Abolitionist

Answer 1

A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery

Question 2

Affirmative Action

Answer 2

Policies designated to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group

Question 3

American with Disabilities Act

Answer 3

A law enacted by congress in 1990 designated to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities

Question 4

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 4

U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law

Question 5

Cesar Chavez

Answer 5

Labor organizer who founded the United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s

Question 6

Civil Rights

Answer 6

The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals

Question 7

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 7

A law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the US from China

Question 8

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 8

Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions

Question 9

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 9

Wide-ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting

Question 10

Dolores Huerta

Answer 10

Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s

Question 11

Dred Scott v. Stanford

Answer 11

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights enslaved African Americans

Question 12

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Answer 12

Thirty fourth president, a republican, who served from 1953 to 1961

Question 13

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 13

Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.’s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights

Question 14

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 14

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Stanton later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony

Question 15

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 15

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation and it freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States

Question 16

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 16

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

Question 17

Equal Protection Clause

Answer 17

Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws

Question 18

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Answer 18

The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex

Question 19

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 19

One of three major amendments ratified after the civil war; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

Question 20

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 20

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens

Question 21

Frederick Douglass

Answer 21

Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman

Question 22

Grandfather Clause

Answer 22

A clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices

Question 23

Harriet Tubman

Answer 23

Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad

Question 24

Harry S Truman

Answer 24

Implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO

Question 25

Intermediate Standard of Review

Answer 25

The second level of deciding issues using judicial review

Question 26

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 26

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States

Question 27

John F. Kennedy

Answer 27

Was an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963

Question 28

Korematsu V. U.S. (1944)

Answer 28

A landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship

Question 29

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Answer 29

The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory

Question 30

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Answer 30

The oldest surviving Latino civil rights organization in the U.S. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanic veterans of World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States

Question 31

LGBT Community

Answer 31

A loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements

Question 32

Lucretia Mott

Answer 32

A U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer

Question 33

Martin Luther King Jr

Answer 33

An American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968

Question 34

Mexican American Legal Defence and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

Answer 34

An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic Heritage

Question 35

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 35

It was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association

Question 36

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 36

A civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey

Question 37

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

Answer 37

The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City

Question 38

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Answer 38

An American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C.

Question 39

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

Answer 39

The National Woman’s Party is an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage

Question 40

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 40

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that granted women the right to vote

Question 41

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 41

A landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Question 42

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 42

It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality

Question 43

Poll Tax

Answer 43

A tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century

Question 44

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

Answer 44

People who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace

Question 45

Rational Basis Standard or Review

Answer 45

The normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment

Question 46

Rosa Parks

Answer 46

An American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott

Question 47

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 47

The first women’s rights convention. It advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”

Question 48

Separate-But-Equal Doctrine

Answer 48

A legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people

Question 49

Standards of Review

Answer 49

The standard of review is the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal

Question 50

Strict Scrutiny

Answer 50

A form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws

Question 51

Suffrage Movement

Answer 51

The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest

Question 52

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 52

An American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement

Question 53

Suspect Classification

Answer 53

A suspect classification is any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination

Question 54

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 54

One of three major Amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States

Question 55

Title IX

Answer 55

The Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a federal law that states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance”

Question 56

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 56

Served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice

Question 57

United States v. Windsor (2013)

Answer 57

A landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment