Chapter 3

Question 1

Abraham Lincoln

Answer 1

Sixteenth president of the United States, the first elected Republican president, who served from 1861-1865. Lincoln, who led the Union during the Civil War, was assassinated in 1865 by a Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Booth.

Question 2

Andrew Johnson

Answer 2

Seventeenth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1865 to 1869. Johnson had served as Abraham Lincoln’s vice president and became president after Lincoln’s assassination.

Question 3

Barack Obama

Answer 3

The first African American president of the United States, a Democrat, who served as forty-fourth president from 2009 to 2017. Senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008; member of the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.

Question 4

Barron v. Baltimore

Answer 4

Supreme Court ruling that, before the Civil War, limited the applicability of the Bill of Rights to the federal government and not to the states.

Question 5

Bill of attainder

Answer 5

a law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial.

Question 6

Block grant

Answer 6

a large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines.

Question 7

Calvin Coolidge

Answer 7

Thirtieth president of the United States a, a Republican, who served from 1923 to 1929.

Question 8

Categorical grants

Answer 8

grant that appropriates federal funds to states for a specific purpose

Question 9

Charter

Answer 9

a document that, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local government. Must be approved by state legislatures.

Question 10

Civil War

Answer 10

The military conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the United States between the Northern forces of the union and the southern forces of the Confederacy. Over 600,000 Americans lost their lives during this war.

Question 11

Concurrent powers

Answer 11

powers share by the national and state governments.

Question 12

Confederate States of America

Answer 12

The political system created by the eleven states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War, which ceased to exist upon the Union Victory.

Question 13

Confederation

Answer 13

type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states

Question 14

Cooperative federalism

Answer 14

the intertwined relationship between the national, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal, often referred to as marble cake federalism.

Question 15

Counties

Answer 15

the basic administrative unit of local government.

Question 16

Democracy

Answer 16

a system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives.

Question 17

Dillon’s Rule

Answer 17

a premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 which states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them.

Question 18

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Answer 18

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African American. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.

Question 19

Dual federalism

Answer 19

the belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer-cake federalism.

Question 20

Enumerated powers

Answer 20

the powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article I, section 8 of the Constitution.

Question 21

Ex post facto law

Answer 21

law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed.

Question 22

Extradition clause

Answer 22

Part of Article IV of the Constitution that requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial

Question 23

Federal system

Answer 23

system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people.

Question 24

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Answer 24

Thirty-second president, a Democrat, who served from 1933 to 1945. FDR’s leadership took the United States through the Great Depression and World War 2.

Question 25

Full faith and credit clause

Answer 25

section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state.

Question 26

Gibbons v. Ogden

Answer 26

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court’s broad interpretation of the Constitution’s commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Question 27

Great Society

Answer 27

Reform program begun in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal, education reform, and unemployment relief.

Question 28

Herbert Hoover

Answer 28

Thirty-first president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1929 to 1933 during the Start of the Great Depression.

Question 29

Implied powers

Answer 29

The powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause.

Question 30

Interstate compacts

Answer 30

contracts between states that carry the force of law; generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concerns.

Question 31

Iroquois Confederacy

Answer 31

a political alliance of American Indian tribes established in the seventeenth century that featured aspects of the federal system of government adapted by the Framers

Question 32

John C. Calhoun

Answer 32

a politician and political theorist from South Carolina who supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War era and served as vice president from 1825 to 1832

Question 33

John Marshall

Answer 33

The longest-serving Supreme Court Chief Justice, Marshall served from 1801 to 1835. Marshall’s decision in Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review in the United States.

Question 34

Lyndon B. Johnson

Answer 34

Thirty-sixth president of the United States, a Democrat, who served from 1964 to 1969.

Question 35

McCulloh v. Maryland

Answer 35

The Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank, using the Constitution’s supremacy clause. the Court’s broad interpretation of the necessary an proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal power.

Question 36

Monarchy

Answer 36

a form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern the entire society.

Question 37

Municipalities

Answer 37

city governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas.

Question 38

New Deal

Answer 38

the name given to the program of “Relief, Recovery, Reform” begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to bring the United States out of the Great Depression.

Question 39

New Federalism

Answer 39

federal-state relationship proposed by Reagan administration during the 1980s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state governments.

Question 40

Nullification

Answer 40

the belief in the right of a state to declare void a federal law.

Question 41

Oligarchy

Answer 41

a form of government in which the right to participate depends on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievement.

Question 42

Privileges and immunities clause

Answer 42

part of Article IV of the Constitution guaranteeing that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states.

Question 43

Programmatic requests

Answer 43

Federal funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district.

Question 44

Progressive federalism

Answer 44

a pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative.

Question 45

Reconstruction

Answer 45

The period from 1865-1877 after the Civil War, in which the U.S. militarily occupied and dominated the eleven former states of the confederacy.

Question 46

Reserved powers

Answer 46

powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment that lie at the foundation of a state’s right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens.

Question 47

Roger B. Taney

Answer 47

Supreme Court Chief Justice who served from 1835-1864, Taney supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War era.

Question 48

Ronald Reagan

Answer 48

Fortieth president of the United States, a Republican, who served from 1981 to 1989. Reagan led the nation through the end of the Cold War and his leadership led to a national shift toward political conservatism.

Question 49

Secession

Answer 49

A unilateral assertion of independence by a geographic region within a country. The eleven Southern states making up the Confederacy during the Civil War seceded from the United States.

Question 50

Seventeenth Amendment

Answer 50

amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection from state legislatures.

Question 51

Sixteenth Amendment

Answer 51

amendment to the U.S Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax.

Question 52

Special district

Answer 52

a local government that is restricted to a particular function

Question 53

Tenth amendment

Answer 53

the final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people

Question 54

Totalitarianism

Answer 54

a form of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self-interest and without regard to rights and liberties.

Question 55

Unitary system

Answer 55

system of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government.