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Pathophysiology > Chapter-5 Tumors > Flashcards

Chapter-5 Tumors Flashcards

0
Q

How to benign tumor cells divide?

A

Slightly faster then normal cells

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1
Q

Are benign rumors differentiated or undifferentiated?

A

Differentiated

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2
Q

Are benign cells encapsulated or not?

A

Encapsulated

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3
Q

Does benign rumors spread causing damage or not?

A

Does not spread

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4
Q

Are benign rumors life threatening?

A

No

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5
Q

Are malignant cells functional or nonfunctional?

A

Nonfunctional cells

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6
Q

Are malignant rumors differentiated or undifferentiated?

A

Undifferentiated

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7
Q

How do malignant cells divide?

A

Rapidly

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8
Q

Does malignant rumors spread?

A

They infiltrate and metastasize normal tissue

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9
Q

Do malignant tumors have capsules

A

No

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10
Q

Are malignant tumors life threatening

A

Yes

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11
Q

3 local effects of tumors

A

Pain
Obstruction
Infection

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12
Q

What are 6 systemic effects of tumors?

A 
Weight loss
Cachexia
Anemia
Infection
Bleeding
Paraneoplastic syndrome
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13
Q

Tumor markers are produce?

A

By the tumor and are found circulating in the blood.

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14
Q

Name the 5 types of tumor markers?

A 
Enzymes
Tissue receptors
Antigens
Oncogenes
Hormones
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15
Q

The only definitive test for malignancy is?

A

Examination of tumor cells

16
Q

Tumor marker ER is?

A

Found in uterine and breast tissue called estrogen receptor.

17
Q

Tumor marker CA-125 is?

A

A marker for ovarian cancer.

18
Q

Tumor marker CEA is?

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen a marker for colon cancer.

19
Q

Tumor marker PSA is?

A

Prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer

20
Q

Tumor marker AFP is?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein, produced by developing fetus. Declines after birth. Prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida and testicular cancer.

21
Q

When are tumors primary?

A

When they are located in the site of pathogenesis.

22
Q

When are tumors secondary?

A

When they have spread to another area or region.

23
Q

Tumors spread by what 3 mechanisms?

A

Invasion
Metastasis
Seeding

24
Q

What is invasion?

A

Where a tumor spreads locally growing into adjacent tissue destroying normal cells.

25
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread to a distant site by blood or lymphatic channels.

26
Q

What is seeding?

A

Spread of cancer cells in body fluids such as serous fluid or along membranes.

27
Q

When staging cancer the classification process…

A

Describes the extent of the disease upon diagnosis and may be repeated, it is used for prognosis and treatment.

28
Q

How many stages are there?

A

4 (I-IV)

29
Q

What are the 3 factors the four stages are based on?

A

Size of primary tumor (T)
Involvement of regional lymph nodes (N)
Spread or metastasis of tumor (M)

30
Q

What is the root cause of malignancy?

A

Changes to cell DNA

31
Q

Carcinogenesis is

A

The process where normal cell are transformed to cancer cells.

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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