Chapter-5 Tumors Flashcards
How to benign tumor cells divide?
Slightly faster then normal cells
Are benign rumors differentiated or undifferentiated?
Differentiated
Are benign cells encapsulated or not?
Encapsulated
Does benign rumors spread causing damage or not?
Does not spread
Are benign rumors life threatening?
No
Are malignant cells functional or nonfunctional?
Nonfunctional cells
Are malignant rumors differentiated or undifferentiated?
Undifferentiated
How do malignant cells divide?
Rapidly
Does malignant rumors spread?
They infiltrate and metastasize normal tissue
Do malignant tumors have capsules
No
Are malignant tumors life threatening
Yes
3 local effects of tumors
Pain
Obstruction
Infection
What are 6 systemic effects of tumors?
Weight loss Cachexia Anemia Infection Bleeding Paraneoplastic syndrome
Tumor markers are produce?
By the tumor and are found circulating in the blood.
Name the 5 types of tumor markers?
Enzymes Tissue receptors Antigens Oncogenes Hormones
The only definitive test for malignancy is?
Examination of tumor cells
Tumor marker ER is?
Found in uterine and breast tissue called estrogen receptor.
Tumor marker CA-125 is?
A marker for ovarian cancer.
Tumor marker CEA is?
Carcinoembryonic antigen a marker for colon cancer.
Tumor marker PSA is?
Prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer
Tumor marker AFP is?
Alpha-fetoprotein, produced by developing fetus. Declines after birth. Prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida and testicular cancer.
When are tumors primary?
When they are located in the site of pathogenesis.
When are tumors secondary?
When they have spread to another area or region.
Tumors spread by what 3 mechanisms?
Invasion
Metastasis
Seeding
What is invasion?
Where a tumor spreads locally growing into adjacent tissue destroying normal cells.
What is metastasis?
Spread to a distant site by blood or lymphatic channels.
What is seeding?
Spread of cancer cells in body fluids such as serous fluid or along membranes.
When staging cancer the classification process…
Describes the extent of the disease upon diagnosis and may be repeated, it is used for prognosis and treatment.
How many stages are there?
4 (I-IV)
What are the 3 factors the four stages are based on?
Size of primary tumor (T)
Involvement of regional lymph nodes (N)
Spread or metastasis of tumor (M)
What is the root cause of malignancy?
Changes to cell DNA
Carcinogenesis is
The process where normal cell are transformed to cancer cells.
