Chapter-17 Blood/Lymphatics Flashcards
Universal blood recipients
Type AB
Universal blood donors
Type O
Hematocrit is
The volume percent of RBCs in whole blood
Normal hematocrit for adult men and women?
Men: 42-54% women: 38-46%
Reduced hematocrit is
Anemia
Elevated hematocrit is
Polycythemia
Anemias cause
A reduction in oxygen transport
Oxygen transport reduction is reduced due to
Decreased hemoglobin and erythrocytes
What two mechanisms try to compensate for lack of oxygen
Tachycardia
Vasoconstriction
Oxygen deficit leads to
Less cell energy produced
Metabolism and reproduction diminished
Iron deficiency anemia may occur due to what four reasons?
Insufficient dietary intake
Chronic blood Loss
Impaired iron absorption
Severe liver disease
Is iron deficiency anemia typically symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic
General signs of iron deficiency anemia? (12)
Pallor, fatigue,lethargy,cold intolerance, irritability, degenerative changes, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing, tachycardia, heart palpitations, dyspnea, and syncope.
How can we treat iron deficiency anemia?
Identify underlying cause and resolve if possible. Take iron supplements and eat iron-rich foods.
Pernicious anemia is also known as?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
What type of anemia is pernicious anemia?
Megaloblastic anemia
What is pernicious anemia characterized by?
Large, immature “nucleated” erythrocytes
Pernicious anemia results from?
A vitamin B12 deficiency
Another type of megaloblastic anemia can result from
Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency, usually diet related.
Main cause of pernicious anemia is?
Malabsorption from gastritis or inflammatory condition
Pernicious anemia can also be cause by
Iatrogenic ally induced from procedures such as gastrectomy or bariatric surgery.
Four general signs of pernicious anemia are?
Fatigue
Pallor
Dyspnea
Tachycardia
Signature sign of pernicious anemia
Large red, sore, shiny tongue
Two neurologic symptoms of pernicious anemia?
Paresthesia
Ataxia
Sickle cell anemia is due to
A recessive HbS gene
Where is the HbS gene very common
Black population
Signs of anemia may occur in conditions of?
Hypoxia
In sickle cell anemia, in people with both recessive genes normal HbA is replaced with?
HbS
At what age does signs appear for sickle cell anemia, and why?
Around 12 months, because fetal hemoglobin (HbF) takes that long to be replaced by HbS.
Signs/symptoms of sickle cell anemia (6)
Pallor, weakness, tachycardia, dyspnea, jaundice, splenomegaly
Treatment for sickle cell anemia is (3)
Drugs to reduce sickling
Avoid strenuous activity and high altitudes
Gene therapy is being investigated
Many patients do not live past?
20 years
Polycythemia is also called
Primary polycythemia or polycythemia Vera
Polycythemia is
A condition of increased production of erythrocytes and other cells by bone marrow.
What kind of disorder is polycythemia considered
Neoplastic disorder
Signs/symptoms of polycythemia are (5)
Patient appears plethoric and cyanotic Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly High blood pressure Congestive heart failure
Hemophilia A are deficit in
Clotting factor VIII
Hemophilia A is transmitted as a
X-linked recessive trait
Manifested in (men/women) but carried by (men/women) who are asymptomatic
Men, women
Signs/symptoms of hemophilia (6)
Prolonged or sever hemorrhage following minor tissue trauma. Persistent oozing of blood Hematomas, easy bruising Frequent nosebleeds Spontaneous hemorrhage Hematuria or fecal blood
________leukemia’s have high numbers of immature, nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and circulation.
Acute
This leukemia has abrupt onset, with marked signs.
Acute
______ leukemia’s have higher proportion of mature cells.
Chronic
Which leukemia has insidious onset, mild signs and better prognosis
Chronic
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) affects?
B-lymphocytes
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) affects?
Granulocytes
Acute monocytic leukemia affects?
Monocytes
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) affects
B-lymphocytes
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) affects?
Granulocytes
AML is common in
Adults, cause radiation, chemicals, viruses
ALL is common in
Children between age 2-6 cause unknown
Signs/symptoms of acute leukemia (7)
Unresponsive infection/ excessive bleeding Multiple infections Signs of anemia Bone pain Weight loss/fatigue Fever Enlarged lymph nodes/ spleen
Signs/symptoms of chronic leukemia (3)
Fatigue
Weakness
Frequent infections
Hodgkin’s malignancy initially involves…
A single lymph node frequently in the neck area
Hodgkin is due to defective
T-lymphocytes
Hodgkin’s is subdivided into
Four sub-types based on cells found at biopsy
First indicator of hodgkin’s is
Usually a cervical lymph node that is large, painless and non-tender
Later signs/symptoms of hodgkin’s
Splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes
General signs of cancer with hodgkin’s
Weight loss Low grade fever Anemia Night sweats Fatigue
Non-hodgkin’s is increasing in incidence partly due to
The numbers associated with HIV infection
Non-hodgkin’s involves
B-lymphocytes, 80%
2 ways its similar to hodgkin’s
Initial manifestation is an enlarged, painless lymph node
Clinical signs, staging and treatment are similar to hodgkin’s
Spontaneous bleeding or excessive bleeding following a minor tissue trauma often indicates a
Blood-clotting disorder
