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Pathophysiology > Chapter-17 Blood/Lymphatics > Flashcards

Chapter-17 Blood/Lymphatics Flashcards

0
Q

Universal blood recipients

A

Type AB

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1
Q

Universal blood donors

A

Type O

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2
Q

Hematocrit is

A

The volume percent of RBCs in whole blood

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3
Q

Normal hematocrit for adult men and women?

A

Men: 42-54% women: 38-46%

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4
Q

Reduced hematocrit is

A

Anemia

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5
Q

Elevated hematocrit is

A

Polycythemia

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6
Q

Anemias cause

A

A reduction in oxygen transport

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7
Q

Oxygen transport reduction is reduced due to

A

Decreased hemoglobin and erythrocytes

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8
Q

What two mechanisms try to compensate for lack of oxygen

A

Tachycardia

Vasoconstriction

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9
Q

Oxygen deficit leads to

A

Less cell energy produced

Metabolism and reproduction diminished

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10
Q

Iron deficiency anemia may occur due to what four reasons?

A

Insufficient dietary intake
Chronic blood Loss
Impaired iron absorption
Severe liver disease

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11
Q

Is iron deficiency anemia typically symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A

Asymptomatic

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12
Q

General signs of iron deficiency anemia? (12)

A

Pallor, fatigue,lethargy,cold intolerance, irritability, degenerative changes, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing, tachycardia, heart palpitations, dyspnea, and syncope.

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13
Q

How can we treat iron deficiency anemia?

A

Identify underlying cause and resolve if possible. Take iron supplements and eat iron-rich foods.

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14
Q

Pernicious anemia is also known as?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

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15
Q

What type of anemia is pernicious anemia?

A

Megaloblastic anemia

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16
Q

What is pernicious anemia characterized by?

A

Large, immature “nucleated” erythrocytes

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17
Q

Pernicious anemia results from?

A

A vitamin B12 deficiency

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18
Q

Another type of megaloblastic anemia can result from

A

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency, usually diet related.

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19
Q

Main cause of pernicious anemia is?

A

Malabsorption from gastritis or inflammatory condition

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20
Q

Pernicious anemia can also be cause by

A

Iatrogenic ally induced from procedures such as gastrectomy or bariatric surgery.

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21
Q

Four general signs of pernicious anemia are?

A

Fatigue
Pallor
Dyspnea
Tachycardia

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22
Q

Signature sign of pernicious anemia

A

Large red, sore, shiny tongue

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23
Q

Two neurologic symptoms of pernicious anemia?

A

Paresthesia

Ataxia

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24
Sickle cell anemia is due to
A recessive HbS gene
25
Where is the HbS gene very common
Black population
26
Signs of anemia may occur in conditions of?
Hypoxia
27
In sickle cell anemia, in people with both recessive genes normal HbA is replaced with?
HbS
28
At what age does signs appear for sickle cell anemia, and why?
Around 12 months, because fetal hemoglobin (HbF) takes that long to be replaced by HbS.
29
Signs/symptoms of sickle cell anemia (6)
Pallor, weakness, tachycardia, dyspnea, jaundice, splenomegaly
30
Treatment for sickle cell anemia is (3)
Drugs to reduce sickling Avoid strenuous activity and high altitudes Gene therapy is being investigated
31
Many patients do not live past?
20 years
32
Polycythemia is also called
Primary polycythemia or polycythemia Vera
33
Polycythemia is
A condition of increased production of erythrocytes and other cells by bone marrow.
34
What kind of disorder is polycythemia considered
Neoplastic disorder
35
Signs/symptoms of polycythemia are (5)
``` Patient appears plethoric and cyanotic Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly High blood pressure Congestive heart failure ```
36
Hemophilia A are deficit in
Clotting factor VIII
37
Hemophilia A is transmitted as a
X-linked recessive trait
38
Manifested in (men/women) but carried by (men/women) who are asymptomatic
Men, women
39
Signs/symptoms of hemophilia (6)
``` Prolonged or sever hemorrhage following minor tissue trauma. Persistent oozing of blood Hematomas, easy bruising Frequent nosebleeds Spontaneous hemorrhage Hematuria or fecal blood ```
40
________leukemia's have high numbers of immature, nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and circulation.
Acute
41
This leukemia has abrupt onset, with marked signs.
Acute
42
______ leukemia's have higher proportion of mature cells.
Chronic
43
Which leukemia has insidious onset, mild signs and better prognosis
Chronic
44
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) affects?
B-lymphocytes
45
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) affects?
Granulocytes
46
Acute monocytic leukemia affects?
Monocytes
47
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) affects
B-lymphocytes
48
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) affects?
Granulocytes
49
AML is common in
Adults, cause radiation, chemicals, viruses
50
ALL is common in
Children between age 2-6 cause unknown
51
Signs/symptoms of acute leukemia (7)
``` Unresponsive infection/ excessive bleeding Multiple infections Signs of anemia Bone pain Weight loss/fatigue Fever Enlarged lymph nodes/ spleen ```
52
Signs/symptoms of chronic leukemia (3)
Fatigue Weakness Frequent infections
53
Hodgkin's malignancy initially involves...
A single lymph node frequently in the neck area
54
Hodgkin is due to defective
T-lymphocytes
55
Hodgkin's is subdivided into
Four sub-types based on cells found at biopsy
56
First indicator of hodgkin's is
Usually a cervical lymph node that is large, painless and non-tender
57
Later signs/symptoms of hodgkin's
Splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes
58
General signs of cancer with hodgkin's
``` Weight loss Low grade fever Anemia Night sweats Fatigue ```
59
Non-hodgkin's is increasing in incidence partly due to
The numbers associated with HIV infection
60
Non-hodgkin's involves
B-lymphocytes, 80%
61
2 ways its similar to hodgkin's
Initial manifestation is an enlarged, painless lymph node | Clinical signs, staging and treatment are similar to hodgkin's
62
Spontaneous bleeding or excessive bleeding following a minor tissue trauma often indicates a
Blood-clotting disorder

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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