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Pathophysiology > Chapter-17 Blood/Lymphatics > Flashcards

Chapter-17 Blood/Lymphatics Flashcards

0
Q

Universal blood recipients

A

Type AB

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1
Q

Universal blood donors

A

Type O

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2
Q

Hematocrit is

A

The volume percent of RBCs in whole blood

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3
Q

Normal hematocrit for adult men and women?

A

Men: 42-54% women: 38-46%

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4
Q

Reduced hematocrit is

A

Anemia

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5
Q

Elevated hematocrit is

A

Polycythemia

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6
Q

Anemias cause

A

A reduction in oxygen transport

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7
Q

Oxygen transport reduction is reduced due to

A

Decreased hemoglobin and erythrocytes

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8
Q

What two mechanisms try to compensate for lack of oxygen

A

Tachycardia

Vasoconstriction

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9
Q

Oxygen deficit leads to

A

Less cell energy produced

Metabolism and reproduction diminished

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10
Q

Iron deficiency anemia may occur due to what four reasons?

A

Insufficient dietary intake
Chronic blood Loss
Impaired iron absorption
Severe liver disease

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11
Q

Is iron deficiency anemia typically symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A

Asymptomatic

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12
Q

General signs of iron deficiency anemia? (12)

A

Pallor, fatigue,lethargy,cold intolerance, irritability, degenerative changes, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing, tachycardia, heart palpitations, dyspnea, and syncope.

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13
Q

How can we treat iron deficiency anemia?

A

Identify underlying cause and resolve if possible. Take iron supplements and eat iron-rich foods.

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14
Q

Pernicious anemia is also known as?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

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15
Q

What type of anemia is pernicious anemia?

A

Megaloblastic anemia

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16
Q

What is pernicious anemia characterized by?

A

Large, immature “nucleated” erythrocytes

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17
Q

Pernicious anemia results from?

A

A vitamin B12 deficiency

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18
Q

Another type of megaloblastic anemia can result from

A

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency, usually diet related.

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19
Q

Main cause of pernicious anemia is?

A

Malabsorption from gastritis or inflammatory condition

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20
Q

Pernicious anemia can also be cause by

A

Iatrogenic ally induced from procedures such as gastrectomy or bariatric surgery.

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21
Q

Four general signs of pernicious anemia are?

A

Fatigue
Pallor
Dyspnea
Tachycardia

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22
Q

Signature sign of pernicious anemia

A

Large red, sore, shiny tongue

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23
Q

Two neurologic symptoms of pernicious anemia?

A

Paresthesia

Ataxia

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24
Q

Sickle cell anemia is due to

A

A recessive HbS gene

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25
Q

Where is the HbS gene very common

A

Black population

26
Q

Signs of anemia may occur in conditions of?

A

Hypoxia

27
Q

In sickle cell anemia, in people with both recessive genes normal HbA is replaced with?

A

HbS

28
Q

At what age does signs appear for sickle cell anemia, and why?

A

Around 12 months, because fetal hemoglobin (HbF) takes that long to be replaced by HbS.

29
Q

Signs/symptoms of sickle cell anemia (6)

A

Pallor, weakness, tachycardia, dyspnea, jaundice, splenomegaly

30
Q

Treatment for sickle cell anemia is (3)

A

Drugs to reduce sickling
Avoid strenuous activity and high altitudes
Gene therapy is being investigated

31
Q

Many patients do not live past?

A

20 years

32
Q

Polycythemia is also called

A

Primary polycythemia or polycythemia Vera

33
Q

Polycythemia is

A

A condition of increased production of erythrocytes and other cells by bone marrow.

34
Q

What kind of disorder is polycythemia considered

A

Neoplastic disorder

35
Q

Signs/symptoms of polycythemia are (5)

A 
Patient appears plethoric and cyanotic
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly 
High blood pressure
Congestive heart failure
36
Q

Hemophilia A are deficit in

A

Clotting factor VIII

37
Q

Hemophilia A is transmitted as a

A

X-linked recessive trait

38
Q

Manifested in (men/women) but carried by (men/women) who are asymptomatic

A

Men, women

39
Q

Signs/symptoms of hemophilia (6)

A 
Prolonged or sever hemorrhage following minor tissue trauma.
Persistent oozing of blood
Hematomas, easy bruising
Frequent nosebleeds
Spontaneous hemorrhage
Hematuria or fecal blood
40
Q

________leukemia’s have high numbers of immature, nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and circulation.

A

Acute

41
Q

This leukemia has abrupt onset, with marked signs.

A

Acute

42
Q

______ leukemia’s have higher proportion of mature cells.

A

Chronic

43
Q

Which leukemia has insidious onset, mild signs and better prognosis

A

Chronic

44
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) affects?

A

B-lymphocytes

45
Q

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) affects?

A

Granulocytes

46
Q

Acute monocytic leukemia affects?

A

Monocytes

47
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) affects

A

B-lymphocytes

48
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) affects?

A

Granulocytes

49
Q

AML is common in

A

Adults, cause radiation, chemicals, viruses

50
Q

ALL is common in

A

Children between age 2-6 cause unknown

51
Q

Signs/symptoms of acute leukemia (7)

A 
Unresponsive infection/ excessive bleeding
Multiple infections
Signs of anemia
Bone pain
Weight loss/fatigue
Fever
Enlarged lymph nodes/ spleen
52
Q

Signs/symptoms of chronic leukemia (3)

A

Fatigue
Weakness
Frequent infections

53
Q

Hodgkin’s malignancy initially involves…

A

A single lymph node frequently in the neck area

54
Q

Hodgkin is due to defective

A

T-lymphocytes

55
Q

Hodgkin’s is subdivided into

A

Four sub-types based on cells found at biopsy

56
Q

First indicator of hodgkin’s is

A

Usually a cervical lymph node that is large, painless and non-tender

57
Q

Later signs/symptoms of hodgkin’s

A

Splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes

58
Q

General signs of cancer with hodgkin’s

A 
Weight loss
Low grade fever
Anemia
Night sweats
Fatigue
59
Q

Non-hodgkin’s is increasing in incidence partly due to

A

The numbers associated with HIV infection

60
Q

Non-hodgkin’s involves

A

B-lymphocytes, 80%

61
Q

2 ways its similar to hodgkin’s

A

Initial manifestation is an enlarged, painless lymph node

Clinical signs, staging and treatment are similar to hodgkin’s

62
Q

Spontaneous bleeding or excessive bleeding following a minor tissue trauma often indicates a

A

Blood-clotting disorder

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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