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Pathophysiology > Chapter-18 Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Chapter-18 Cardiovascular Flashcards

0
Q

Blockage of right coronary artery is more likely to cause

A

Arrhythmias

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1
Q

Right coronary artery supplies blood to the

A

SA and AV nodes

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2
Q

Left coronary supplies

A

Left ventricle

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3
Q

A blockage of left coronary may impair

A

Pumping capability and cause congestive heart failure

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4
Q

The four types of coronary heart disease are

A

Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction

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5
Q

Arteriosclerosis is a general term for

A

All types of degenerative arterial changes

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6
Q

Changes usually occur where

A

In small arteries and arterioles

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7
Q

What happens to the arteries and arterioles in arteriosclerosis

A

Elasticity is lost, walls become thick and hard, lumen narrows, and it becomes occluded

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8
Q

Insufficient O2 ensues during arteriosclerosis and leads to

A

Ischemia, necrosis in the brain, kidneys, heart and other tissues

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9
Q

Atherosclerosis is different from arteriosclerosis in that

A

Atheromas or plaques are formed

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10
Q

The plaques consist of

A

Lipids
Cells
Fibrin
Cell debris

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11
Q

Atherosclerosis forms where

A

Primarily in large arteries

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12
Q

LDL is

A

Bad cholesterol

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13
Q

LDL transports liver from

A

The liver to the cells

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14
Q

LDL binds to

A

Receptors on cell membranes and enters cell

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15
Q

HDL is

A

Good cholesterol

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16
Q

HDL transports cholesterol

A

Away from cells to liver where it is catabolized and excreted

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17
Q

The major factor in a thermos formation is

A

LDL bad cholesterol

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18
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis (3)

A

Age (after 40)
Gender (men, women after menopause)
Genetic

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19
Q

Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis

A 
Obesity
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle 
Hypertension
Diabetes
Oral contraceptive with smoking
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20
Q

Why is smoking a risk factor for atherosclerosis

A

It promotes platelets to adhere, clot formation, and vasoconstriction

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21
Q

Angina pectoris is

A

Chest pain

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22
Q

Angina pectoris occurs due to

A

Lack of oxygen in heart muscle, usually when demand is sudden

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23
Q

Chest pain can be due to

A

Impairment, exertion, or a combination

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24
Q

During angina heart usually adapts to oxygen need by

A

Vasodilation of coronary arteries

autoregulation

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25
Q

If there is arterial damage causing angina then

A

Blood supply is decreased

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26
Q

Three patterns of angina are

A

Classic
Variant
Unstable

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27
Q

Classic angina occurs

A

Upon exertion

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28
Q

Variant angina occurs

A

At rest due to vasospasms

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29
Q

Unstable angina occurs

A

With prolonged pain at rest, more serious.

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30
Q

Causes of angina pectoris are

A

Atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, and vasospasms.

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31
Q

Angina pectoris pain is described as

A

Tightness or pressure which may radiate to neck and left arm

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32
Q

What is the primary cause of death in American men and women

A

Myocardial infractions

33
Q

After first MI there is greater risk for

A

A second MI, CHF or stroke

34
Q

MI occurs when

A

There is prolonged ischemia to heart muscle which leads to cell death or infarction

35
Q

Most common cause of MI is

A

Atherosclerosis, usually with thrombus

36
Q

Three ways infarction develops

A

Thrombus
Vasospasm
Embolism

37
Q

Most infractions are

A

Transmural and occur in left ventricle

38
Q

Warning signs of MI

A

Pressure, shortness of breath, sweating, fatigue, nausea, indigestion, anxiety, fear

39
Q

Signature sign of MI isolated

A

Sudden substernal pain radiating to left arm and neck that is severe, steady and crushing with no relief upon rest or vasodilators

40
Q

MI sign in women is

A

Milder more like indigestion, or silent

41
Q

Other MI sign/symptoms are

A 
Pallor
Sweating
Nausea
Dizziness
Dyspnea
Anxiety
Fear
Hypotension
Weak/rapid pulse
Low grade fever
42
Q

How to diagnosis MI

A

High level of C-reactive protein in blood will mark an inflammatory response

Blood gas and blood pressure

43
Q

Congestive heart failure occurs when

A

The heart is unable to pump blood in sufficient quantities to meet metabolic needs

44
Q

Congestive heart failure usually occurs as a complication secondary to

A

Another condition such as infarction, valve defect, hypertension or lung disease

45
Q

infarction in left ventricle or hypertension CHF effects

A

Left ventricle first

46
Q

Pulmonary valve stenosis or pulmonary disease, CHF effects

A

Right ventricle first

47
Q

Backup effect of CHF is

A

Congestion which develops behind the affected ventricle due to output being less than inflow of blood.

48
Q

Left-sided CHF back-up effect is

A

Pulmonary congestion (edema)

49
Q

Right-sided CHF backup effect is

A

Congestion in systemic circulation

50
Q

The leading cause of CHF is

A

Coronary artery disease

51
Q

Right-sided CHF due to pulmonary disease is called

A

Cor pulmonale

52
Q

Signs/symptoms of forward effects of CHF

A 
General hypoxia
Fatigue,weakness
Dizziness, dyspnea
Shortness of breath
Intolerance to cold and exercise
53
Q

Compensatory mechanisms of CHF

A

Tachycardia
Pallor
Oliguria

54
Q

Left-sided backup effects are related to

A

Pulmonary congestion

55
Q

Signs/symptoms of pulmonary congestion

A 
Dyspnea
Orthoptera
Cough
Edema
Hemoptysis
Rapid,weak pulse
Cool,moist skin
56
Q

Left-sided backup effects are related to

A

Systemic edema

57
Q

Signs and symptoms of systemic edema are

A 
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Ascites
Flushed face
Distended veins
Headaches
Visual disturbances
58
Q

Hypertension is

A

High blood pressure a silent killer

59
Q

Three types of hypertension

A

Primary
Secondary
Malignant

60
Q

Primary hypertension is

A

Essential with unknown cause

61
Q

Secondary hypertension is

A

From renal or endocrine disease

62
Q

Malignant hypertension

A

Severe and progresses rapidly

63
Q

Prehypertension exists when

A

Blood pressure is elevated

64
Q

What are the two classifications of hypertension

A

Systolic or diastolic

65
Q

Essential hypertension develops when

A

Pressure is consistently above 140/90

66
Q

Peripheral vascular disease is

A

Abnormality in the arteries or veins outside the heart and is the most common sites of atheromas.

67
Q

Signs/symptoms of peripheral vascular disease are

A

Increased fatigue and weakness in legs due to blood flow decreasing.
Intermittent claudication

68
Q

Intermittent claudication is

A

Leg pain associated with exercise due to muscle ischemia

69
Q

Raynaud’s syndrome is common in

A

Young women and considered idiopathic

70
Q

With raynaud’s syndrome vasoconstriction occurs in

A

The arterioles and small arteries in the superficial tissues of the fingers and toes

71
Q

Episodes of raynaud’s syndrome are triggered by

A

Exposure to cold, stress or smoking

72
Q

Thrombophlebitis is development of

A

A thrombus in a vein

73
Q

Is inflammation present with thrombophlebitis

A

Yes

74
Q

How does thrombophlebitis develop

A

Platelets adhere to inflamed site and a thrombus develops

75
Q

Phlebothrombosis is where

A

Thrombus forms spontaneously in vein without prior inflammation.

76
Q

Is inflammation present with phlebothrombosis

A

No but it may develop secondarily in response to thrombosis

77
Q

Hypovolemic shock is

A

Loss of blood plasma

78
Q

Carcinogenic shock is

A

Decreased pumping capability

79
Q

Vasogenic shock is

A

Vasodilation due to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor tone

80
Q

Anaphylactic shock is

A

Systemic vasodilation and increased permeability due to severe allergic reaction

81
Q

Septic shock

A

Vasodilation due to severe infection, often with gram-negative bacteria

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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