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BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I > Chapter 5: Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

the specialized junction where one part of a neuron contacts and communicates with another neuron or cell type; where information transfer occurs

A

synapses

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2
Q

Direction of information flow in the nervous system is generally in one direction: ()

A

neuron to target cell

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3
Q

Otto Loewi discovered (1), later known as (2)

A
  1. Vagusstoff
  2. acetylcholine
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4
Q

Loewi studied action of the (1) in the frog heart system

A

vagus nerve

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5
Q

allow transfer of ionic current from one cell to the next

A

electrical synapses

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6
Q

the direct transfer of ionic current in electrical synapses occur at ()

A

gap junctions

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7
Q

due to current transfer at electrical synapses, a small electrical () occurs in the second cell

A

postsynaptic potential

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8
Q

gap junctions are composed of 2 () that meet and combine to form a continuous channel between 2 cells

A

connexons

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9
Q

1 connexon in formed by six ()

A

connexins

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10
Q

unlike most chemical synapses, electrical synapses are ()

A

bidirectional

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11
Q

In invertebrate species, electrical synapses are found between sensory and motor neurons: ()

A

escape reflexes

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12
Q

Bidirectional nature of electrical synapses allows () due to PSP from second cell

A

back current

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13
Q

Several PSPs cause AP in ()

A

postsynaptic neurons

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14
Q

(): several PSPs occurring simultaneously to excite a neuron (causes AP)

A

Synaptic integration

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15
Q

Presence of gap junction allows () of APs

A

synchronization

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16
Q

() – space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic dendrite

A

Synaptic cleft

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17
Q

Receptors are concentrated on postsynaptic side of dendrite: ()

A

postsynaptic density

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18
Q

() – site of neurotransmitter release

A

Active zone

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19
Q

Presynaptic element (usually an axon terminal) contains dozens of small membrane-enclosed spheres, each about 50 nm in diameter: (1); and about 100 nm in diameter (2).

A
  1. synaptic vesicles
  2. secretory granules/dense-core vesicles
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20
Q

CNS synapse type: axon to dendrite

A

axodendritic

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21
Q

CNS synapse type: axon to dendritic spine

A

axospinous

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22
Q

CNS synapse type: axon to cell body (soma)

A

axosomatic

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23
Q

CNS synapse type: axon to axon

A

axoaxonic

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24
Q

CNS synapse type: dendrite to dendrite

A

dendrodendritic

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25
Q

Two Categories of CNS Synaptic Membrane Differentiations

A
  1. Gray’s type I: asymmetrical
  2. Gray’s type II: symmetrical
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26
Q

CNS synapses with Gray’s type I membrane differentiations are usually ()

A

excitatory

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27
Q

CNS synapses with Gray’s type II membrane differentiations are usually ()

A

inhibitory

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28
Q

() – large amount of synapses connecting muscle fibers and motor neurons

A

Motor end plate

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29
Q

Neurotransmitter Categories (based on molecular structure)

A
  1. amino acids
  2. amines
  3. peptides
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30
Q

examples of amino acid neurotransmitters

A

glutamate, glycine, GABA

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31
Q

examples of amine neurotransmitters

A

dopamine, acetylcholine, histamine

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32
Q

examples of peptide neurotransmitters

A

dynorphin, enkephalins

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33
Q

because amines and amino acids are small organic molecules, they are stored in (1); on the other hand, peptide neurotransmitters are stored in (2)

A
  1. vesicles
  2. secretory granules
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34
Q

neurotransmitters stored in vesicles/secretory granules are released via ()

A

exocytosis

35
Q

membrane proteins on vesicles and cell membrane; facilitate tight association between vesicle and target cell membrane

A

SNAREs

36
Q

() binding to SNARE complex causes conformational change -> results in fusion of synaptic vesicle membrane and presynaptic terminal membrane

A

Ca2+

37
Q

Vesicles are prepared by () mechanism

A

docking and priming

38
Q

Vesicle components fused to cell membrane are recycled via ()

A

endocytosis

39
Q

2 major kinds of NT receptors:

A
  1. ligand-gated channels (transmitter-gated)
  2. G protein-coupled receptors
40
Q

summarize the mechanism of G protein-coupled receptors

A

G protein subunits (intracellular messengers) are activated by binding to receptor; these subunits activate other molecules/channels to induce changes in cell

41
Q

transmitter-gated ion channels are not that selective for ()

A

specific ions

42
Q

ACh-gated ion channel: permeable to both ()

A

Na+ and K+

43
Q

The critical value of Vm at which the direction of current flow reverses (in I-V plot): ()

A

reversal potential

44
Q

(): transient postsynaptic membrane depolarization caused by presynaptic release of neurotransmitter

A

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

45
Q

EPSPs usually occur at () ion channels

A

ACh and Glu-gated

46
Q

(): transient hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by presynaptic release of neurotransmitter

A

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

47
Q

IPSPs usually occur at () ion channels

A

Glycin and GABA-gated (usually for Cl-)

48
Q

If NTR is more permeable to negative ions, opening generates net (1) (influx of 2) -> membrane is (3) -> inhibitory PSP

A
  1. outward current
  2. negative ions
  3. hyperpolarized
49
Q

G protein-coupled receptors are often referred to as ()

A

metabotropic receptors

50
Q

Activated G protein subunits activate ()

A

effector proteins

51
Q

effect of ACh in heart

A

ACh activation of GPCR results in hyperpolarization -> reduces rate at which cardiac muscle cells fire acton potential

52
Q

effect of ACh in skeletal muscle

A

ACh receptor on skeletal muscle is a transmitter-gated ion channel that when activated results in depolarization -> APs are fired

53
Q

Presynaptic receptors sensitive to the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic terminal called (), which are typically GPCRs

A

autoreceptors

54
Q

common effect of autoreceptor activation is ()

A

inhibition of neurotransmitter release or synthesis

55
Q

(1): Neurotransmitter re-enters presynaptic axon terminal and astrocytes through (2)

A
  1. Reuptake
  2. transporter proteins
56
Q

Too high conc. of neurotransmitter often induce ()

A

desensitization

57
Q

Receptor (): inhibitors of neurotransmitter receptors

A

antagonists

58
Q

example of ACh receptor antagonist

A

curare

59
Q

Receptor (): mimic actions of naturally occurring neurotransmitters

A

agonists

60
Q

example of receptor agonist

A

nicotine

61
Q

(): root cause of neurological and psychiatric disorders

A

Defective neurotransmission

62
Q

(): neurotoxin protein preventing ACh release at the neuromuscular junction

A

Botulinum toxin

63
Q

botox cleaves (), preventing exocytosis of vesicles containing ACh

A

SNARE proteins

64
Q

Process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron

A

synaptic integration

65
Q

EPSP: reflect the number of (1) and the number of (2)

A
  1. transmitter molecules in a single synaptic vesicle
  2. postsynaptic receptors available at the synapse
66
Q

minimal value of EPSP is caused by the release of ()

A

a single synaptic vesicle

67
Q

Number of released vesicles determines () of EPSP

A

amplitude

68
Q

Some vesicles are released even without AP stimulation; spontaneous response is regarded as release of ()

A

single synaptic vesicle

69
Q

(): a method of comparing the amplitudes of miniature and evoked PSPs, can be used to determine how many vesicles release NT during normal synaptic transmission.

A

Quantal analysis

70
Q

EPSPs generated simultaneously at different sites

A

spatial summation

71
Q

EPSPs generated at same synapse in rapid succession

A

Temporal summation

72
Q

Allows for neurons to perform sophisticated computations

A

EPSP summation

73
Q

Integration of EPSPs: EPSPs added together to produce significant ()

A

postsynaptic depolarization

74
Q

Length constant lambda is proportional to ()

A

Rm/Ri

75
Q

large dendrite/axon diameter -> (large/small) Ri

A

small

76
Q

Rm is (large/small) if membrane has a lot of leaky channels

A

small

77
Q

These dendrites don’t generate APs, but they amplify PSPs; allows the effects of the AP to be delivered to longer distances

A

excitable dendrites

78
Q

EPSP contributes to the AP based on

A
  1. number of excitatory synapses
  2. distance between synapses and spike initiation zones
  3. properties of the dendritic membrane
79
Q

examples of dendritic membrane properties that affect EPSP

A

number of channels, diameter, internal cystolic props, etc.

80
Q

Action of ()—Take membrane potential away from action potential threshold; thus they exert powerful control over neuron output

A

inhibitory synapses

81
Q

Synapse inhibits current flow from soma to axon hillock.

A

shunting inhibition

82
Q

If the membrane potential was less negative than −65 mV (Ecl), activation of certain ion channels in inhibitory synapses cause (1) and (2)

A
  1. Cl- influx
  2. hyperpolarizing IPSP
83
Q

No AP is generated bc effects of PSPs cancel each other out

A

EPSP-IPSP cancellation

84
Q

() results from synaptic transmission that modifies effectiveness of EPSPs generated by other synapses with transmitter-gated ion channels

A

modulation

BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I (13 decks)

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