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BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I > Chapter 11: The Auditory and Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Auditory and Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Sense of hearing: ()

A

audition

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2
Q

Sense of balance: ()

A

vestibular system

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3
Q

visible portion of the ear; consists of cartilage covered by skin -> forms a sort of funnel that helps collect sound from a wide area

A

pinna

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4
Q

shape of pinna makes us more sensitive to sounds (ahead/behind) us

A

ahead

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5
Q

Entrance to internal ear

A

auditory canal

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6
Q

End of auditory canal

A

tympanic membrane

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7
Q

Series of bones (smallest bones in the body)

A

ossicles

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8
Q

ossicles transfer movements of tympanic membrane into movements of () -> 2nd membrane; covers a hole in the skull

A

oval window

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9
Q

fluid-filled compartment located behind oval window; contains apparatus for transforming physical motion of oval window membrane into a neuronal response

A

cochlea

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10
Q

() in the cochlea send signals to brain stem neurons in response to sound detection

A

auditory receptors

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11
Q

in response to signals from cochlea, brain stem neurons then bring info to ()

A

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

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12
Q

MGN projects to () located in temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex (A1)

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13
Q

bones classified as ossicles

A
  1. malleus (hammer)
  2. incus (anvil)
  3. stapes (stirrup)
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14
Q

ossicle connected to tympanic membrane and incus

A

malleus

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15
Q

the incus forms a (rigid/flexible) connection to stapes

A

flexible

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16
Q

the stapes has a flat bottom portion called a ()

A

footplate

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17
Q

Connects air in middle ear and air in nasal cavities
Valve keeps it closed; opening of valve equalizes air pressure between middle ear and nasal cavities

A

Eustachian tube

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18
Q

Response when onset of loud sound causes tensor tympani and stapedius muscle contraction (makes the chain of ossicles become rigid)

A

attenuation reflex

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19
Q

(): anchored to Malleus on one end and the cavity of the middle ear on the other end

A

Tensor tympani muscle

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20
Q

(): a fixed anchor of bone and stapes

A

Stapedius muscle

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21
Q

function of the attenuation reflex

A

adapts ear to loud sounds, protects inner ear, enables us to understand speech better

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22
Q

When ossicles chain becomes rigid, sound conduction to inner ear is greatly (amplified/diminished)

A

diminished

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23
Q

Three fluid-filled chambers of the cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani

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24
Q

() – separates s. vestibuli and s. media in cochlea

A

Reissner’s membrane

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25
Q

() – separates s. tympani from s. media in cochlea

A

Basilar membrane

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26
Q

()– holes in membranes; connects s. tympani and s. vestibuli in cochlea

A

Helicotrema

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27
Q

() – contains auditory receptor neurons in cochlea

A

Organ of Corti

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28
Q

() membrane – located above Corti

A

Tectorial

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29
Q

(): fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani (low K+ and high Na+: similar to CSF)

A

Perilymph

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30
Q

(): fluid in scala media (high K+ and low Na+: similar to intracellular fluid)

A

Endolymph

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31
Q

(): endolymph electrical potential 80 mV more positive than perilymph

A

Endocochlear potential

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32
Q

the Endocochlear potential is caused by ()

A

Caused by ion difference and permeability of Reissner’s membrane

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33
Q

() – endothelium lining one wall of the scala media; contacts the endolymph; Where active transport processes take place to maintain different ion contents between perilymph and endolymph

A

Stria vascularis

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34
Q

stria vascularis absorbs (1) from and secretes (2) into endolymph

A
  1. Na+
  2. K+
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35
Q

At high freq., stiffer base of membrane vibrates -> ()

A

dissipates most of the sound energy and wave doesn’t travel very far

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36
Q

() sounds generate waves that travel all the way to the floppy apex before energy is dissipated

A

Low freq.

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37
Q

The response of basilar membrane establishes a place code in which ()

A

different location of membrane are maximally deformed at different sound frequency

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38
Q

Systemic organization of sound frequency within the auditory structure: ()

A

tonotopy

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39
Q

Specialized epithelial cells with stereocilia

A

hair cells

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40
Q

hair cells are sandwiched between the (1) and the (2)

A
  1. basilar membrane
  2. tectorial membrane
41
Q

organization of inner and outer hair cells

A

Three rows of outer and one rows of inner hair cells

42
Q

() are also found between the basilar and tectorial membranes; provide structural support

A

rods of Corti

43
Q

Hair cells form synapses on neurons whose cell bodies are located in the spiral ganglion (w/in ())

44
Q

hair cell synapses have axons which enter the auditory nerve -> branch of the ()

A

auditory-vestibular nerve (CN VIII)

45
Q

() of stereocilia is a critical event in sound transduction into a neural signal

46
Q

Cross-link filaments make the stereocilia stick to one another -> all the cilia move as ()

47
Q

Upward movement of the basilar membrane
: the reticular lamina moves up and in toward the modiolus -> stereocilia bend ()

48
Q

Downward movement of the basilar membrane
: the reticular lamina moves down and away from the modiolus -> stereocilia bend ()

49
Q

A stiff filament () connects each channel to the upper wall of the adjacent cilium.

50
Q

When the cilia are (), the tension on the tip link causes the channel to spend part of the time in the opened state, allowing a small amount of K+ from the endolymph to move into the hair cell.

A

pointing straight up

51
Q

() the cilia changes tension on the tip link, either closing or opening the channels.

A

Displacing

52
Q

The innervation of hair cells: One spiral ganglion fiber synapses with (one/multiple) inner hair cell (95 % of the SGN)

53
Q

The innervation of hair cells: one SGN synapses with (one/multiple) outer hair cells

54
Q

The vast majority of the information leaving the cochlea comes from (inner/outer) hair cells.

55
Q

outer hair cells serve as () in sound transduction

A

cochlear amplifier

56
Q

Motor proteins () in the membrane of the outer hair cells

57
Q

Outer hair cells respond to sound with both a (1) and a (2).

A
  1. receptor potential
  2. change in length
58
Q

When the outer hair cells amplify the response of the basilar membrane, the stereocilia on the inner hair cells (), producing a greater response in the auditory nerve (100X).

59
Q

Stimulation of efferent fibers projecting from brain stem towards the cochlea causes release of () -> changes shape of outer hair cells and affects responses of inner hair cells

60
Q

() temporarily decreases transduction that normally results from bending of stereocilia on hair cells

A

Furosemide

61
Q

Auditory nerve supplies info from spiral ganglion cells to (1) and also to (2), which directly innervates inferior colliculus (midbrain)

A
  1. ventral cochlear nucleus
  2. dorsal cochlear nucleus
62
Q

(): frequency at which a neuron is most responsive—from cochlea to cortex; can vary among neurons

A

Characteristic frequency

63
Q

Recording response beyond brain stem result in more ()

A

complex patterns

64
Q

Encoding information about stimulus intensity: (2)

A

Firing rates of neurons
Number of active neurons

65
Q

Loudness perceived is correlated with ()

A

number of active neurons.

66
Q

Depending on location of basilar membrane, maximal freq. that can be detected varies -> high freqs. are detected closer to ()

67
Q

Spatial patterns of the () of the basilar mem. are preserved in spiral ganglions and brain stem

A

tonotopic map

68
Q

From the base to apex, basilar membrane resonates with increasingly (higher/lower) frequencies.

69
Q

Tonotopy is preserved in the (2)

A

auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus.

70
Q

(): the pooled activity of a number of neurons, each of which fires in a phase-locked manner.

A

Volly principle

71
Q

() is where neurons only fire at preferred phases in each cycle (usually amplitude peak)

A

phase locking

72
Q

At low frequencies, we detect pitch using the () from neurons

A

pattern of AP firing

73
Q

At higher freqs, pitch is determined by () (neurons only randomly fire at random phases -> no phase locking)

74
Q

(): difference in time for sound to reach each ear
(low frequency cases: 20-2000Hz)

A

Interaural time delay

75
Q

(): sound at one ear less intense because of head’s sound shadow
(high frequency cases: 2000-20,000Hz)

A

Interaural intensity difference

76
Q

Neurons in the cochlear nuclei are (1) neurons, whereas all later stages (starting from superior olive) are (2) neurons

A
  1. monaural
  2. binaural
77
Q

Monoaural – receive info from ()

A

only 1 side

78
Q

AP converge on a superior olive neuron which responds most strongly if their arrival is()

A

coincident

79
Q

Vertical sound localization based on ()

A

reflections from the pinna

80
Q

Axons leaving MGN project to auditory cortex via internal capsule in array called ().

A

acoustic radiation

81
Q

Neuronal response properties: () running mediolaterally across A1 cortex

A

Isofrequency bands

82
Q

() lesion in auditory cortex: almost normal auditory function (unlike lesion in striate cortex: complete blindness in one visual hemifield)

A

Unilateral

83
Q

in the primary auditory cortex, different frequency bands are processed in ()

A

parallel (independently processed)

84
Q

the vestibular system evolved from the () in aquatic vertebrates

A

lateral line organs

85
Q

main components of the vestibular labyrinth

A
  1. otolith organs
  2. semicircular canals
86
Q

() are responsible for detecting gravity and tilt; changes in head angle and linear acceleration

A

otolith organs

87
Q

() are responsible for detecting head rotation and angular acceleration

A

semicircular canals

88
Q

the vestibular system uses (), like auditory system, to detect changes

A

hair cells

89
Q

Info from hair cells in vestibular system is transmitted to brain via ()

A

vestibular nerve

90
Q

() – calcium carbonate crystals that respond to gravity changes; cause tilting of stereocilia in response to gravity

91
Q

the () hair cells in the otolith organs respond to tilt

92
Q

each macular hair cell has one tall cilium called a ()

A

kinocilium

93
Q

The bending of hairs toward to the kinocilium results in a () receptor potential.

A

depolarizing, excitatory

94
Q

Bending the hairs away from the kinocilium () the cells.

A

hyperpolarizes and inhibits

95
Q

macular orientation: The (1) are oriented vertically, while the (2) are horizontal.

A
  1. saccular maculae
  2. utricular maculae
96
Q

there are () semicircular canals on each side

97
Q

Functions to fixate line of sight on visual target during head movement

A

Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)

98
Q

mechanism of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR):

A

senses rotations of head, commands compensatory movement of eyes in opposite direction

BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I (13 decks)

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