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BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I > Chapter 12: The Somatic Sensory System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Somatic Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Enables body to feel, ache, sense temperature and pressure (communication to external world)

A

somatic sensation

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2
Q

somatic sensation is responsible for ()

A

touch and pain

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3
Q

unique characteristics of the somatic sensory system (compared to other senses)

A
  1. receptors are found all over the body
  2. responds to multiple (at least 4) types of stimuli
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4
Q

somatic sensation responds to the ff. stimuli

A
  1. touch
  2. temperature
  3. pain
  4. body position
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5
Q

types of skin

A

hairy and glabrous (i.e. hairless: palm)

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6
Q

Most somatosensory receptors are () -> Present in unmyelinated axon branches sensitive to stretching, bending, pressure or vibration

A

mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

Specialized structures of mechanoreceptor nerve endings

A

Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini’s endings
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disks

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8
Q

mechanoreceptor nerve ending structures that have small receptive fields (only a few millimeters wide)

A

Meissner’s corpuscles and Merkel’s disk

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9
Q

mechanoreceptor nerve ending structures that have large receptive fields (an entire finger or half of palm)

A

Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini’s endings

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10
Q

mechanoreceptor nerve ending structure: most sensitive to vibration of about 200-300 Hz

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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11
Q

mechanoreceptor nerve ending structure: respond best around 50 Hz.

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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12
Q

The selectivity of a mechanoreceptive axon depends primarily on the ().

A

structure of its special ending

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13
Q

Larger onion-like capsules allow for increased ()

A

adaptivity

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14
Q
  • Onion shells (corpuscles) have () in response to pressure on the structure
A

viscous fluid-filled structures that flow

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15
Q

For striped corpuscles, adaptation is ()

A

slow -> slow AP

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16
Q

Mechanoreceptors have (myelinated/unmyelinated) axon terminals.

A

unmyelinated

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17
Q

() convert mechanical force into a change of ionic current.

A

Mechanosensitive ion channels

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18
Q

Mechanical stimuli may trigger release of ().

A

second messengers

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19
Q

mechanosensitive ion channels can be sensitive to one of the ff. types of stimuli

A
  1. stretching of lipid membrane
  2. Force Applied to Extracellular Structures
  3. Deformation and Stress on Cell’s Cytoskeleton
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20
Q

Minimum distance for specific tissues for the successful discrimination of 2 points

A

Two-Point Discrimination

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21
Q

smaller 2-point discrimination -> (higher/lower) density of mechanoreceptors, (larger/smaller) receptive field size

A

higher, smaller

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22
Q

types of primary afferent axons (axon fibers) in the somatic sensory system

A

A(alpha), A(beta), A(delta), C

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23
Q

() fibers mediate pain, temperature, and itch

A

C

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24
Q

() fibers mediate touch sensation

A

A(beta)

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25
Q

spinal nerves within four divisions of spinal cord

A

spinal segments

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26
Q

()—one-to-one correspondence with spinal segments

A

Dermatomes

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27
Q

Divisions of spinal gray matter: ()

A

dorsal horn, intermediate zone, ventral horn

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28
Q

The neurons that receive sensory input from primary afferents: () (mostly in the dorsal horns)

A

second-order sensory neurons

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29
Q

A(beta) axons get branched to connect with the:
- (1) for rapid and unconscious reflexes)
- (2) for perception and judgments about the stimuli

A
  1. second-order sensory neurons
  2. brain
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30
Q

The pathway serving touch is called the ().

A

dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

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31
Q

From (), the somatic sensory system of one side of the brain is concerned with sensations originated from the other side of the body. (contralateral)

A

medial lemniscus

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32
Q

Somatosensory information from face is supplied by the (1), which enter the brain at the (2)

A
  1. large trigeminal nerves
  2. pons
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33
Q

also called S1/area 3b; Lesions here impair somatic sensation

A

primary sensory cortex

34
Q

the primary sensory cortex receives dense inputs from the ()

A

VP nucleus of the thalamus

35
Q

The thalamic inputs to S1 terminate mainly in layer ().

A

4

36
Q

S1 neurons with similar inputs and responses are () that extend across the cortical layers.

A

stacked vertically into columns

37
Q

(): usually evoked for the amputees by stimulating skin regions whose somatotopic representation border those of the missing limb.

A

Phantom limb sensation

38
Q

the () cortex is involved in somatic sensation, visual stimuli, movement planning, attentiveness

A

posterior parietal

39
Q

Damage to posterior parietal areas causes neurological disorders: (examples)

A
  1. agnosia
  2. neglect syndrome
40
Q

(): the inability to recognize objects even though simple sensory skills seem to be normal

A

Agnosia

41
Q

(): a part of the body or a part of the world is ignored or suppressed.

A

Neglect syndrome

42
Q

(): a sensory neuron with free nerve ending that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli (distinct from the path taken by mechanoreceptors)

A

Nociceptors

43
Q

()—feeling of sore, stinging, aching, throbbing sensations

A

Pain

44
Q

()—sensory process that provides signals that trigger pain

A

Nociception

45
Q

ion channels on nociceptors can be opened by:

  • direct stimulation (1)
  • indirect stimulation (2)
A
  1. Direct and strong mechanical stimulation, temperature extremes, oxygen deprivation, chemicals
  2. Indirect substances released by damaged cells
46
Q

examples of substances that indirectly open ion channels on nociceptors

A
  1. proteases, ATP, K+
  2. Histamine
47
Q

kininogen cleaved -> () : increase ionic conductances, stimulates nociceptors

A

bradykinin

48
Q

Types of nociceptors—most are (1), but show (2) in their responses to different stimuli

A
  1. polymodal nociceptors
  2. selectivity
49
Q

(): tissues that have been already damaged are unusually sensitive to additional stimuli

A

Hyperalgesia

50
Q

primary hyperalgesia occurs at ()

A

within area of damaged tissues

51
Q

Surrounded damaged area may become supersensitive as well

A

secondary hyperalgesia

52
Q

() (from the enzymatic breakdown of lipid membrane) induces hyperalgesia.

A

Inflammation soup, including Bradykinin, and Prostaglandins

53
Q

(1), a peptide produced by the nociceptors causes vasodilation and (2) release from the mast cells -> One cause of secondary hyperalgesia.

A
  1. Substance P
  2. histamine
54
Q

TRPV1 (transient receptor potential V1) as a () receptor

A

capsaicin

55
Q

() can be activated by several natural pain inducers as well as high temperature

A

TRPV1 (transient receptor potential V1)

56
Q

There are more TRPs that regulate many different pain stimuli as well -> () as cold detection

A

TRPM8

57
Q

Disagreeable sensation that induces desire or reflex to scratch; Usually brief, minor annoyance—can become chronic, debilitating condition

A

Itch

58
Q

Since Aδ and C fiber have different rates of action potential conduction velocities, the activation of skin nociceptors produces ()

A

two distinct perceptions of pain

59
Q

two distinct perceptions of pain -> First pain by (1) and second pain by (2) fiber

A
  1. Aδ
  2. C
60
Q

() -> signals from actual source have same paths as signals from other sources -> brain is confused and identifies source incorrectly

A

Referred pain

61
Q

angina as an example of referred pain

A

Source is from lack of oxygen in heart, but pain is felt in upper chest wall

62
Q

The neurotransmitter of the pain afferents: ()

A

glutamate

63
Q

Within the spinal cord, there is (): cause the phenomenon of referred pain

A

mixing of information from nociceptors in skin and viscera

64
Q

Touch and pain pathways differ: Nerve endings in the skin

A

specialized structures for touch vs free nerve ending for pain

65
Q

Touch and pain pathways differ: Diameter of axons

A

large Aβ vs small Aδ or C fiber

66
Q

touch sensation is (faster/slower) than pain sensation

A

faster

67
Q

Touch and pain pathways differ: Connections in spinal cord

A

Touch—ascends ipsilaterally
- Decussation further up in brain
Pain—ascends contralaterally
- Decussation in spinal cord

68
Q

decussation in the touch pathway occurs specifically at ()

A

medial lemniscus

69
Q

The pathway serving pain is called the ()

A

spinothalamic pathway

70
Q

in the spinothalamic pathway, axons of the second-order neurons () and ascend through the spinothalamic tract running along the ventral surface of the spinal cord.

A

immediately decussate

71
Q

The relay of nociceptive signals by the projection neuron is gated by the activity of an ().

A

inhibitory interneuron

72
Q

If the large sensory neuron is activated concurrently, the interneurons inhibit the pain signals from reaching spinothalamic tract

A

gate theory of pain

73
Q

(): Electrical stimulation of PAG in the midbrain cause a profound pain insensitivity by depressing activity of nociceptive neurons.

A

descending regulation

74
Q

() - area in midbrain involved in descending regulation

A

periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)

75
Q

() are highly concentrated in areas that process nociceptive information, where they suppress nociceptive signal transduction.

A

Opioid or endorphin receptors

76
Q

() channels are involved in detecting temperature

A

Thermoreceptor TRP

77
Q

Thermoreceptors also have adaptations to ()

A

continuous stimulation

78
Q

Sudden () generate most intense neural and perceptual responses to temperature

A

changes in quality of stimulus

79
Q

Organization of temperature pathway is similar to the ()

A

pain pathway

80
Q

Cold receptors coupled to () fibers

A

A(delta) and C

81
Q

Hot receptors coupled to ()

A

C fibers

BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I (13 decks)

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